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HCI INF1520
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Human Computer Interaction? | The term Human Computer Interaction was developed in the mid-1980s to denote a new field of study concerned with studying and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of computer use. |
| How did the Persian astrologer Al-Kashi (1393–1449) contribute to the development of HCI in the Middle Ages? | The Persian astrologer Al-Kashi built a device to calculate the conjunction of the planets.Records of this work survived and were transported to Europe, although the device itself was lost. |
| Who is Wilhelm Schickard(1592–1635) and how did he contribute to the development of HCI? | The German mathematician Wilhelm Schickard developed a much less sophisticated tool to perform simple addition and subtraction. The Schickard machine was destroyed during the Thirty Years’ war. |
| Who is Blaine Pascal(1612–1662) and how did he contribute to the development of HCI? | The French mathematician Blaise Pascal(1612–1662) replicated much of Schickard’s work and only succeeded in building an even more simplified version of that machine. |
| What fuelled the need for navigational aids nd the development of computing devices during the 18th and 19th century? | The need to expand trade to a global scale caused by a surge of demand during the agricultural and industrial revolutions in Western Europe. |
| How was Charles Babbage affected by the demand for navigational aids that fuelled the development of computing devices during the 18th and 19th century? | Charles Babbage(1791–1871) was a British mathematician and inventor whose early attempts were funded by the Navy Board. His Difference Engine was designed to calculate a specific function (6th degree polynomials): a + bN + cN2 + dN3 + eN4 + fN5 + gN6 |
| Was Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine a success? | Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine was never completed. A second machine, the Analytical Engine-which was more like a general computer, was created instead. |
| How did Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine the user interface problem? | Because the Analytical Engine was a more general computer, supplying the machine with its program became a problem. Hence punched cards were used and became the first solution to a user interface problem. This style now popular dominated computer use for |
| During the Twentieth Century, How did mass production, economic pressures for trade and migration affect computing development? | Herman Hollerith(1860–1929) was recruited by the American Census office to develop a computational device to calculate general statistics for the immigrant population. |
| What kind of device did Herman Hollerin(1860–1929) develop? | Herman Hollerin developed a punched card tabulating machine that could sort more than 200 cards a minute. As a result, the 1890 census took about one-third of the time of the 1880 census. |
| How do Herman Hollerin(1860–1929)’s punched card tabulating machine inspire further computer development? | The punched card tabulating machine led to the foundation of the Computer-Tabulating-Recording Company (1911), which was the first and biggest company. |
| What happened to the Computer-Tabulating-Recording Company after Thomas J Watson(Snr) joined in 1914? | In 1914 Thomas J Watson(snr) joined the CTR organisation and built it into the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). |
| The Second World War created another set of narrow applications for computing devices. Who pioneered these? | Alan Turing, an English logician and founder of computer science, was employed to break the German encryption techniques. This led to the development of the Colossus(1943), perhaps the first truly interactive computer. The operator could type input throug |
| How did Alan Turing’s Colossus influence HCI? | Many of the Colossus techniques were applied in the ENIAC machine, the first all-electronic digital computer produced around 1946 by JW Mauchly and JP Eckert in the United States. |
| How did the ENIAC created by JW Mauchly and JP Eckert work? | To program the machine you had to physically manipulate 200 plugs and 100 to 200 relays. The Manchester Mark I computer was also from about this period. |
| Who is Vannevar Bush? | Vannevar Bush is the USA electrical engineer who published his “As we may Think” article in Atlantic Mothly in 1945. |
| How did Vannevar Bush’s “As we think” article in the Atlantic Monthly affect HCI? | The article was a point of departure for Bush’s idea of the Memex system. |
| What is The Memex? | The Memex(created by Vannevar Bush) was a device in which individuals could store all personal books, records, and communications, and from items could be retrieved rapidly through indexing, keywords and cross-referencing. |
| What else could The Memex do? | Through the Memex the user could annotate text with comments, construct a trail(chain of links) through the material and save it. |
| Was the Memex ever implemented? | No, the Memex was never implemented. Although the device was based on microfilm record rather than computers it conceived the idea of hypertext and the World Wide Web(www) as we know it today. |
| In 1957 IBM launched FORTRAN. What is FORTRAN? | FORTRAN it one of the first high-level programming languages, which created a new class of novice users; people who wanted to learn how to program but did not want a detailed understanding of the underlying mechanisms. |
| What was FORTRAN based on? | FORTRAN was based on algebra, grammar, and syntax rules, and became the most widely used computer language for technical work. |
| What were some of the electronic computers like in the early 1950s? | MIT’s Whirlwind and the SAGE air-defence command and control system, had displays as integral components. |
| Who is Ivan Sutherland? | Ivan Sutherland, developed the SketchPad system at the MIT Lincoln laboratory in 1963. |
| How did the SketchPad system influence HCI? | The SketchPad system, being a sophisticated drawing package, introduced many concepts found in today’s interfaces such as the manipulation of objects using a light-pen(including grabbing objects, moving them and changing their size) and using constraints |
| What hardware developments took place during the SketchPad development era? | Hardware developments that took place during this time period include “low-cost” graphics terminals, input devices such as data tablets, and display processors capable of real-time manipulation of images. |
| Who were the dominant influences in suggesting the potential or the SketchPad era(around 1963)? | Doug engelbart and Ted Nelson both took the concept of the Memex system and elaborated on it in various ways. Nelson focused on links and interconnections( which he named hypertext and implemented the Xanadu system), Engelbart concentrated primarily on th |
| What article did Engelbart publish in 1963? | Engelbart publish an art live entitled “A conceptual framework for augmenting man’s human intellect”, in which he viewed the computer as an instrument for augmenting man’s intellect by increasing his capacity to approach complex problem situations. |
| When was the turning point for the development of computers that would allow it to become available to the man in the street? | This occurred in the mid-1970s, also the period that saw the rise of two major American role players in today’s computer industry: Microsoft and Apple computers. |
| Who founded The Apple company? | Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak founded The Apple company in 1976, and initially produced a series of kit machines similar to those that led to the development of the IBM PC a few years later. |
| When did IBM introduce their first P.C.? | IBM introduced their first P.C in 1981 together with DOS(Disk Operating System). These were the first computers developed for the “man in the streets”. |
| What is the Xerox star interface? | The Xerox star interface, developed in 1982, marks what people believe to be the beginning of HCI as a conscious design activity by software companies. |
| The GUI interface had its roots in the 1970s, but when was it properly developed? | The GUI interface was developed in the 1970s when a group at the Palo Alto Research Center(PARC) developed the Alto, a GUI-based computer. |
| Who is Ben Shneiderman of the University of Maryland? | |
| Ben Shneiderman is the one who coined the term “Dirac manipulation” in 1982 and introduced the psychological foundations of computer use. | |
| Was the Apple PCs based on the work done at PARC? | Although both the Apple Lisa(1983) and Apple MacIntosh(Mac)(1984) was based (at least intellectually) on the work done at PARC, much of the Mac OS( operating system) was written before Jobs’ visit to PARC. |
| What is the difference between Apple and Microsoft P.C. hardware? | They were both developed in more or less the same direction but Apple has experimented beyond pure functionality as far as the aesthetics of their machines is concerned. |
| Discuss the MacIntosh. | The MacIntosh was the first popular computer to use a mouse and GUI. The MacIntosh was initially used as a desktop publishing tool. |
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Raesibe