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Chemistry Unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Proton | positively charged subatomic particle |
| Atom | the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction |
| Mass number | the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| atomic mass unit | 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle |
| isotopes | atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an element |
| atomic mass | the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring sample of an element |
| period | a horizontal row on the periodic table |
| neutron | subatomic particle with no charge |
| The nucleus of an atom is... | positively charged and has a high density |
| Dalton theorized that atoms are indivisible and that all atoms of an element are identical. Scientists now know that... | atoms are divisible |
| The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom can be calculated by | subtracting the number of protons from the mass number |
| the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atoms equals the .... | mass number |
| All atoms of the same element have the same...? | number of protons |
| The number 80 in the name bromine-80 represents | the mass number |
| Relative atomic masses are measured in | amu |
| Modeling | a scientific practice in pursuit of explaining a phenomenon/ a way to collect and analyze our data |
| who first suggested particulate matter | Democritus |
| 1-Dalton's atomic theory | All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms |
| 2-Dalton's atomic theory | Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element |
| 3- Dalton's atomic theory | Atoms of different elements can combine with one another in simple whole number ratios to form compounds |
| 4- Dalton's atomic theory | Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. However, atoms of one element are not changed into those of another by a chemical reaction |
| Location of a proton | nucleus |
| Location of a neutron | nucleus |
| Location of an electron | electron cloud |
| Proton charge | positive |
| Neutron charge | no charge |
| Electron Charge | negative |
| Relative mass (AMU) of a proton | 1 |
| Relative mass (AMU) of a neutron | 1 |
| Relative mass (AMU) of an electron | 0.00054 |
| Proton symbol | p+ |
| Neutron symbol | n^0 |
| Electron symbol | e- |
| 1 proton = | 1amu |
| 1 neutron= | 1amu |
| charge | difference of number of protons and number of electrons |
| x= (isotopic notation) | element |
| a=(isotopic notation) | atomic number |
| b=(isotopic notation) | mass number |
| c= (isotopic notation) | charge |
| isotopic notation | a^bx^c |
| Medeleev's Periodic Table | vertical columns in order of increasing mass periodic physical and chemical properties |
| Who rearranged the periodic table based on nuclear charge (atomic number) | Mosley |
| Periodic law | when the elements are arranged in increasing atomic number, there is a periodic pattern in their physical and chemical properties |
| Majority of elements, conduct electricity | metals |
| Properties similar to those of metals and non metals | Metalloids |
| greater variation (solid liquid gas) | Non metals |
| characteristics of metals | conduct heat, luster, sheen, mostly solid, ductile, malleable |
| Position of metals | left of the metalloids |
| Position of nonmetals | right of the metalloids |
| Position of metalloids | in between metals and metalloids |
| Chemical Reactions | atoms attain stability by losing or sharing electrons (can be controlled) |
| Nuclear Reactions | atoms attain stability by changes in the nuclei (cannot be controlled) |
| Radioisotope | An atom with an unstable nucleus that gives off radiation to become more stable |
| Nuclear Stability | Depends on the number of neutrons relative to the number of protons in the nucleus |
| types of radiation | Alpha, Beta, gamma |
| What can block alpha particles | skin/clothes |
| What can block gamma particles | lead and concrete |
| What can block beta particles | metal, foil, wood |
| What is the penetrating power of alpha particles | lowest penetrating power |
| What is the penetrating power of beta particles | moderate penetrating power |
| What is the penetrating power of gamma particles | high penetrating power |
| After what atomic number on the periodic table are all elements radioactive | 83 |
| What element is alpha decay | helium |
| What happens when there are too many neutrons | neutron changes into a proton |
| What happens when there are too few neutrons | Proton converted into a neutron |
| Does alpha radiation change the atomic number of the atom? Mass number? | yes, both decrease |
| Does beta radiation change the atomic number of the atom? Mass number? | yes, does not change the mass number |
| Does gamma radiation change the atomic number of the atom? Mass number? | no |
| Half life | the time required for one-half of the nuclei of a radioisotope to decay to a product |
| Transmutation Reactions | conversion of one element into another element |
| Go through transmutation in a nuclear reactor and nuclear accelerator | Transuranium Elements |
| Fission | to break apart |
| neutron moderation | slows neutron down |
| use subcritical masses of fissionable material | nuclear reactors |
| 1 (nuclear power plant/general) | fission heats up water in a vessel and heat is carried away |
| 2 (nuclear power plant/general) | The heat is used to heat up water in a second, which turns to steam |
| 3 (nuclear power plant/general) | Steam turns the turbine if a generator |
| 4 (nuclear power plant/general) | Generator makes electricity |
| 1kg of U produces equivalent energy to... | 20,000 tons of TNT |
| List two fissionable isotopes | Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 |
| Are Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 easily obtained? | only easier to obtain in critical masses |
| Releases more energy than fission reaction | nuclear fusion |
| Problems with nuclear fusion | containment Extremely high temperature needed to start the reaction |
| Ionizing Radiation | enough energy to remove an electron from another substance to make an ion |
| Stars begin life as clouds of hydrogen gas called a ______ | nebula |
| _______ causes the nebula to condense | gravity |
| hottest, brightest, with most mass (stars) | Blue Stars |
| coolest, dimmest, with least mass (stars) | Red Stars |
| What kind of star is our sun | yellow star |
| What happens when H runs out (stars) | He starts fusing into heavier elements The star expands and cools into a red giant |
| When does fusion stop in a star | When iron runs out |
| What is the dense core that remains from a dead star | Planetary Nebula |
| White Dwarf | a dead star |
| What is the life cycle of a star | nebula --> star --> Red Giant -->planetary neubula --> white dwarf |
| what happens when a massive star dies | it explodes into a supernova |
| A supernova can form a... | black hole or a neutron star |
| black hole | a region in space where the mass is so concentrated that nothing, not even light can escape |
| neutron star | very small, dense star made up of neutrons |
| Milky Way | the galaxy we live in/has a black hole in its center |
Created by:
sophiesoup13
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