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Aromatic Chemistry

AQA A Level Chemistry

QuestionAnswer
Draw the structure that Kekule proposed for Benzene
What chemical test shows that Benzene molecules do not contain any double bonds? It does not decolourise bromine water.
Describe the shape and structure of a Benzene molecule in full hexagon, planar, all carbon carbon bonds the same length.
How do the carbon carbon bond lengths in a benzene molecule prove it cannot be made up of alternate double and single carbon carbon bonds. All the carbon carbon bonds are the same length.
The enthalpy of hydrogenation of cyclohexene is -120KJ/Mol, The enthalpy of hydrogenation of benzene is -208KJ/Mol. By how many KJ/Mol is Benzene more stable than you would expect 152KJ/mol
" What word describes how the electrons are delocalized (spread) across the whole Benzene molecule? " Conjugation.
How does valence bond theory describe the bonding in Benzene? "unhybridized p-orbitals which overlap forming a cloud of electron density above and below the molecule.
Give four pieces of evidence that Benzene does not contain the Kekule structure? The carbon -carbon bond lengths are all the same, Benzene does not undergo electrophilic addition reactions, Benzene molecules are 152KJ/Mol more stable than the Kekule structure.
What are the conditions required to convert Benzene to Cyclohexane by reaction with Hydrogen Rayney Nickel Catalyst at 150oC
Why do electrophiles that react with benzene have to be stronger than those that react with alkenes "Because the mechanism involves an initial disruption to the ring. The delocalized electrons in the benzene ring make it more stable.
What are the required reagents and conditions for the nitration of benzene. "conc. nitric acid and conc. sulphuric acid (catalyst), reflux at 55°C
Draw out the mechanism for the nitration of benzene
Write the equation for the formation of the nitrate electrophile when nitric acid reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid. "2H2SO4 + HNO3 <----> 2HSO4¯ + H3O+ + NO2+
What are the reagents for the Friedel Crafts Alkylation of benzene Reagents a halogenoalkane (RX) and anhydrous aluminium chloride AlCl3
What are the conditions for the Friedel Crafts Alkylation of benzene "Conditions reflux ; dry inert solvent (ether)
Write an equation for the Friedel Crafts Alkylation of benzene with chloroethane. "C6H6 + C2H5Cl ———> C6H5C2H5 + HCl
Draw out the mechanism for the Friedel Crafts alklyation by chloroethane.
What are the reagents for the Friedel Crafts Acylation of benzene "Reagents an acyl chloride (RCOX) and anhydrous aluminium chloride AlCl3
What are the conditions for the Friedel Crafts Acylation of benzene "Conditions reflux 50°C; dry inert solvent (ether)
Write an equation for the Friedel Crafts Acylation of benzene by ethanoyl chloride "C6H6 + CH3COCl ———> C6H5COCH3 + HCl
"
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