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Optical Isomerism

AQA A Level Chemistry

QuestionAnswer
What are the two types of stereoisomerism? Geometric isomerism and optical isomerism
Which organic molecules demonstrate optical isomerism? Ones containing chiral carbons
How can chiral carbons be identified? Carbon atoms with four different groups surrounding them
State whether a given molecule exhibits optical isomerism A molecule containing a carbon with 4 different groups attached exhibits optical isomerism.
What is an enantiomer? One of a pair of optical isomers.
How do enantiomers differ in terms of their mirror images? They are non-superimposable upon their mirror images
How do enantiomers differ in terms of their effect on plane polarized light? They rotate it in opposite directions
What is a racemic mixture? A 50:50 mixture of two enantiomers
Explain the effect of a racemic mixture on plane polarized light One enantiomer rotates the light clockwise and the other anti-clockwise, resulting in no net rotation.
What is the meaning of the term 'chiral' A molecule containing a C atom which is asymmetric (has no plane of symmetry). The C atom is bonded to 4 different groups.
What is optical isomerism? A type of isomerism arising from atoms being bonded to form different 3D arrangements around a central C atom which are non-identical mirror images of each other.
How does the behaviour of two optical isomers differ? 1. The direction in which they rotate plane polarised light. 2. The affect they have on biological molecules.
What proportion of each enantiomer is formed when ethanal reacts with KCN/H+ 50:50/A racemic mixture
Why is a racemic mixture formed when ethanal reacts with KCN/H+ There is equal chance of attach from above or below the molecule since it is planar.
The reaction between ethanal and KCN/H+ produces optical isomers. Why does the product have no effect on plane polarised light? A racemic mixture is formed so the effects of the two isomers on plane polarised light cancel each other out.
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