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Physiology Final

QuestionAnswer
The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS. voluntary; outside
Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of sensory and motor neurons.
“Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT constriction of respiratory airways.
Acetylcholine binds to _____ receptors. cholinergic
The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. Babinski sign
The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term memory
The two main types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta.
The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is relaxation
The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the motor program.
Many cerebral functions have typical locations. This fact is known as cerebral localization.
Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a dermatome.
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? olfactory
Which of the following is NOT correct? Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves.
A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a glandular secretion.
Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve? hypoglossal
The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. vestibular
The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls. hypothalamus
Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? thalamus
The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the central sulcus.
The limbic system integrates emotion
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors.
The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
The reticular activating system maintains consciousness.
Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the nervous system. craniosacral
The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the cerebellum
The most numerous cerebral tracts are the association tracts.
Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and acetylcholine.
If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a cranial reflex.
Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? constriction of the bronchioles
A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. myotome
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? Chemical messenger travels a short distance.
Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? It follows the all-or-none law.
The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: malleus, incus, and stapes.
The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is endolymph.
Accommodation for near vision necessitates an increase in the curvature of the lens. constriction of the pupils. convergence of the two eyes.
The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: protein kinases activate other enzymes.
When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? M
The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: anterior pituitary.
Which of the following is a function of glucagon? Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations
In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: slow to appear but long-lasting.
The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: progesterone.
The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: Ruffini corpuscles.
All of the following are true statements except: aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis.
Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the crista ampullaris.
Clearness or sharpness of visual perception is known as: visual acuity
If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate _____ pain fibers. acute
All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: cortisol
The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: transcription of RNA.
The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body.
Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? It stimulates the secretion of insulin.
One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: oxytocin.
Which of the following is true about pain receptors? Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain.
Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? thalamus
Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight.
The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: touch. temperature. pain.
Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. tectorial
When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: permissiveness.
The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: smell
The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: corticotrophs.
Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? Internal organs
The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called perfusion pressure.
Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) sphygmomanometer.
All of the following are true statements except: both atria receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries.
The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called vagal inhibition.
_____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. Hematocrit
All of the following are components critical to coagulation except none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation.
Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called diapedesis.
A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: polycythemia.
Which of the following is not true of ventricles? All of the above are true of the ventricles.
Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: body fat
Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions
Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? Age Body type Sex
The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: hemodynamics.
The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure.
_____, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels. Heparin
Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. protein molecules present
Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate.
In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of prothrombin activator.
A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is erythropoietin.
Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: hematopoietic stem cells.
The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? After about 4 weeks
Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the stronger the contraction.
What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium.
The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? aldosterone, ANH, and ADH
Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called inotropic factors.
Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of vasodilation.
The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as fibrinolysis.
Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors
The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell antigen
A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called leukopenia.
Antibodies are proteins of the family called immunoglobulins.
The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called phagocytosis.
Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. cell-mediated
The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form effector T cells and memory cells.
Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in cytolysis.
Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as natural killer cells.
The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are innate and adaptive immunity.
_____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. Species resistance
The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are fluid balance and immunity.
Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called lacteals.
Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called lymphokinetic activities.
Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa
Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? immunoglobulin M
Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the lymphocyte.
Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are lymph nodes.
The functions of the lymph nodes are defense and hematopoiesis.
What is the function of the spleen? tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir
The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. skin
Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site.
Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of prostaglandins.
Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called tonsils.
Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? interferon
The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the thymus
The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. clonal selection theory
The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called diapedesis.
Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? spleen
Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? lymphotoxin
During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. thymocytes
Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor.
Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a germinal center.
Antibodies are proteins of the family called immunoglobulins.
The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called pinocytosis.
Created by: marsca
 

 



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