Question 1

A nurse is describing a process in which a piece of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome. What term should the nurse use to describe this process?

Accepted Answer

Translocation 
Translocation occurs when one piece of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome.

Question 2

An oncologist is discussing the process of metastasis. Which information should the oncologist include? For metastasis to occur, tumor cells must be capable of:

Accepted Answer

surviving in the bloodstream. 
Cancers often spread first to regional lymph nodes through the lymphatics and then to distant organs through the bloodstream.

Question 3

A nurse is describing the process of metastasis. Which is necessary in order for metastasis to occur?

Accepted Answer

Decreased cell adhesions 
Metastasis requires decreased cell adhesions, increased motility, and the presence of lymphatic or blood vessels.

Question 4

What would the nurse expect to occur when a patient's cancer is caused by mutations of a proto-oncogene?

Accepted Answer

Increased cell division 
Proto-oncogenes normally promote cellular division, and overstimulation of these genes that cause them to function as oncogenes can lead to increased rates of mitosis.

Question 5

A patient has chronic active hepatitis B infection. Which type of cancer should the nurse assess for in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Liver 
Chronic active hepatitis B infection can cause increased cell division and mutagenesis in liver cells.

Question 6

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in developed countries?

Accepted Answer

Cancer

Question 7

Malignant tumors have a tendency to:

Accepted Answer

invade surrounding tissues. 
Malignant tumors often invade surrounding tissues; they also grow rapidly and have a tendency to metastasize.

Question 8

The nurse should evaluate the cancer patient with fatigue for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Depression 
Fatigue is described by individuals with cancer as tiredness, weakness, lack of energy, exhaustion, lethargy, inability to concentrate, depression, sleepiness, boredom, lack of motivation, and decreased mental status.

Question 9

A patient is preparing to receive adjuvant therapy for cancer. What should the nurse tell the patient to reinforce teaching? This type of therapy:

Accepted Answer

is given after cancer surgery. 
Adjuvant chemotherapy is given after surgical excision of a cancer with the goal of eliminating micrometastases.

Question 10

The nurse is seeking information about proto-oncogenes. Through a reputatble source the nurse learns that a proto-oncogene is:

Accepted Answer

a normal, nonmutant gene. 
A proto-oncogene normally codes for proteins such as growth factors and growth factor receptors. A normal proto-oncogene does not cause cancer.

Question 11

The development of sensory and motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis is caused by:

Accepted Answer

immunologic and inflammatory demyelination of central nervous system neurons. 
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that results in widespread demyelination of central nervous system neurons.

Question 12

ALS is caused by:

Accepted Answer

degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons. 
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in extreme muscle weakness and eventual paralysis.

Question 13

When a nurse is asked what usually causes encephalitis, what is the nurse's best answer?

Accepted Answer

A viral infection 
Encephalitis is usually caused by a virus, such as the West Nile virus, and manifests with symptoms similar to meningitis.

Question 14

The nurse on a neurological unit is caring for several patients. Which patient is at highest risk for a cerebral vascular accident (stroke)? The patient with:
Correct!

Accepted Answer

hypertension and diabetes. 
Persons with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a fourfold increase in stroke incidence and an eightfold increase in stroke mortality.

Question 15

The nurse is assessing the patient for meningitis. The nurse bends the patient’s neck, and the patient experiences neck pain and rigidity. How would the nurse chart this?

Accepted Answer

Positive Brudzinski sign

Question 16

A patient has Guillain-Barré. During the health history the nurse should ask about a history of:

Accepted Answer

respiratory viral infections. 
Guillain-Barré results in axonal demyelination; it most commonly manifests as ascending motor paralysis and is often preceded by respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection.

Question 17

A sign associated with classic cerebral concussion is:

Accepted Answer

loss of consciousness. 
In classic cerebral concussion, consciousness is lost for up to 6 hours.

Question 18

Autonomic hyperreflexia is caused by:

Accepted Answer

stimulation of sensory/pain receptors below the level of the spinal cord lesion. 
In autonomic hyperreflexia, sensory receptors below the level of the cord lesion are stimulated.

Question 19

Which statement indicates that the nurse needs more teaching regarding the types of subdural hematoma? _____________is a type of subdural hematoma.

Accepted Answer

Intracerebral 
Intracerebral is bleeding within the brain and does not cause subdural hematoma. An acute subdural hematoma involves immediate bleeding and the development of a hematoma in the subdural space. A subacute subdural hematoma takes 48 hours t

Question 20

A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Which information should the nurse include?

Accepted Answer

Impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid occurs. 
The blood clogs arachnoid granulations/villi (impairing CSF reabsorption).

Question 21

In a patient with an epirdural hematoma, the nurse recalls that bleeding occurs between the skull and:

Accepted Answer

dura mater. 
In an epidural hematoma, bleeding occurs between the dura mater and skull.

Question 22

A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of a herniated disk. Which information should the nurse include?

Accepted Answer

The nucleus pulposus extrudes and compresses the nerve root. 
A herniated disk allows the gelatinous material (the nucleus pulposus) to extrude and compress the nerve root.

Question 23

A patient has a brief episode of neurological deficits that resolves within 12 hours with a return to normal functioning. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart?

Accepted Answer

Transient ischemic attack 
The new definition for transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by a focal disturbance of brain or retinal ischemia with clinical symptoms typically lasting more than 1 hour; no eviden

Question 24

A patient with HIV has painful burning dysesthesias and paresthesias, especially in the extremities. What condition will the nurse see documented in the chart?

Accepted Answer

HIV neuropathy 
Painful, burning dysesthesias and paresthesias, typically in the extremities, are present in individuals with HIV neuropathy.

Question 25

During the assessment of a patient with meningitis, the nurse wants to test for nuchal rigidity. Which test will the nurse implement?

Accepted Answer

Kernig 
Meningismus (nuchal rigidity) may be elicited through a positive Kernig or Brudzinski sign.

Question 26

Which type of injury will the nurse prepare to care for when a patient has a diffuse brain injury?

Accepted Answer

Concussion 
There are two main types of diffuse brain injury: concussions and diffuse axonal injury.

Question 27

A patient's forehead hit the steering wheel during a motor vehicle accident. Which part of the brain received the coup injury?

Accepted Answer

Frontal 
Focal brain injuries produced by something striking the front of the head usually produce only coup injuries, or those occurring directly beneath the point of impact.

Question 28

A patient has a spinal cord tumor that is causing an irritative syndrome. What does this imply to the nurse?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing compression symptoms plus radicular pain. 
Irritative syndromes involve compressive symptoms plus radicular pain and paresthesias.

Question 29

The nurse is caring for a patient with myasthenia gravis. If either a myasthenic or cholinergic crisis occurs, the nurse should:

Accepted Answer

monitor for respiratory arrest. 
As in myasthenic crisis, the individual is in danger of respiratory arrest during a cholinergic crisis.

Question 30

A patient has a recent spinal cord injury. Which term should the nurse use to describe the loss of reflex function below the level of injury/lesion?

Accepted Answer

Spinal shock 
In spinal shock, reflex function is completely lost in all segments below the lesion.

Pathophysiology

Week 4-6 Quiz

Question	Answer
A nurse is describing a process in which a piece of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome. What term should the nurse use to describe this process?	Translocation Translocation occurs when one piece of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome.
An oncologist is discussing the process of metastasis. Which information should the oncologist include? For metastasis to occur, tumor cells must be capable of:	surviving in the bloodstream. Cancers often spread first to regional lymph nodes through the lymphatics and then to distant organs through the bloodstream.
A nurse is describing the process of metastasis. Which is necessary in order for metastasis to occur?	Decreased cell adhesions Metastasis requires decreased cell adhesions, increased motility, and the presence of lymphatic or blood vessels.
What would the nurse expect to occur when a patient's cancer is caused by mutations of a proto-oncogene?	Increased cell division Proto-oncogenes normally promote cellular division, and overstimulation of these genes that cause them to function as oncogenes can lead to increased rates of mitosis.
A patient has chronic active hepatitis B infection. Which type of cancer should the nurse assess for in this patient?	Liver Chronic active hepatitis B infection can cause increased cell division and mutagenesis in liver cells.
Which of the following is the leading cause of death in developed countries?	Cancer
Malignant tumors have a tendency to:	invade surrounding tissues. Malignant tumors often invade surrounding tissues; they also grow rapidly and have a tendency to metastasize.
The nurse should evaluate the cancer patient with fatigue for which of the following?	Depression Fatigue is described by individuals with cancer as tiredness, weakness, lack of energy, exhaustion, lethargy, inability to concentrate, depression, sleepiness, boredom, lack of motivation, and decreased mental status.
A patient is preparing to receive adjuvant therapy for cancer. What should the nurse tell the patient to reinforce teaching? This type of therapy:	is given after cancer surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy is given after surgical excision of a cancer with the goal of eliminating micrometastases.
The nurse is seeking information about proto-oncogenes. Through a reputatble source the nurse learns that a proto-oncogene is:	a normal, nonmutant gene. A proto-oncogene normally codes for proteins such as growth factors and growth factor receptors. A normal proto-oncogene does not cause cancer.
The development of sensory and motor symptoms in multiple sclerosis is caused by:	immunologic and inflammatory demyelination of central nervous system neurons. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that results in widespread demyelination of central nervous system neurons.
ALS is caused by:	degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is caused by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in extreme muscle weakness and eventual paralysis.
When a nurse is asked what usually causes encephalitis, what is the nurse's best answer?	A viral infection Encephalitis is usually caused by a virus, such as the West Nile virus, and manifests with symptoms similar to meningitis.
The nurse on a neurological unit is caring for several patients. Which patient is at highest risk for a cerebral vascular accident (stroke)? The patient with: Correct!	hypertension and diabetes. Persons with both hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus have a fourfold increase in stroke incidence and an eightfold increase in stroke mortality.
The nurse is assessing the patient for meningitis. The nurse bends the patient’s neck, and the patient experiences neck pain and rigidity. How would the nurse chart this?	Positive Brudzinski sign
A patient has Guillain-Barré. During the health history the nurse should ask about a history of:	respiratory viral infections. Guillain-Barré results in axonal demyelination; it most commonly manifests as ascending motor paralysis and is often preceded by respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infection.
A sign associated with classic cerebral concussion is:	loss of consciousness. In classic cerebral concussion, consciousness is lost for up to 6 hours.
Autonomic hyperreflexia is caused by:	stimulation of sensory/pain receptors below the level of the spinal cord lesion. In autonomic hyperreflexia, sensory receptors below the level of the cord lesion are stimulated.
Which statement indicates that the nurse needs more teaching regarding the types of subdural hematoma? _____________is a type of subdural hematoma.	Intracerebral Intracerebral is bleeding within the brain and does not cause subdural hematoma. An acute subdural hematoma involves immediate bleeding and the development of a hematoma in the subdural space. A subacute subdural hematoma takes 48 hours t
A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Which information should the nurse include?	Impaired reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid occurs. The blood clogs arachnoid granulations/villi (impairing CSF reabsorption).
In a patient with an epirdural hematoma, the nurse recalls that bleeding occurs between the skull and:	dura mater. In an epidural hematoma, bleeding occurs between the dura mater and skull.
A nurse is describing the pathophysiology of a herniated disk. Which information should the nurse include?	The nucleus pulposus extrudes and compresses the nerve root. A herniated disk allows the gelatinous material (the nucleus pulposus) to extrude and compress the nerve root.
A patient has a brief episode of neurological deficits that resolves within 12 hours with a return to normal functioning. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart?	Transient ischemic attack The new definition for transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by a focal disturbance of brain or retinal ischemia with clinical symptoms typically lasting more than 1 hour; no eviden
A patient with HIV has painful burning dysesthesias and paresthesias, especially in the extremities. What condition will the nurse see documented in the chart?	HIV neuropathy Painful, burning dysesthesias and paresthesias, typically in the extremities, are present in individuals with HIV neuropathy.
During the assessment of a patient with meningitis, the nurse wants to test for nuchal rigidity. Which test will the nurse implement?	Kernig Meningismus (nuchal rigidity) may be elicited through a positive Kernig or Brudzinski sign.
Which type of injury will the nurse prepare to care for when a patient has a diffuse brain injury?	Concussion There are two main types of diffuse brain injury: concussions and diffuse axonal injury.
A patient's forehead hit the steering wheel during a motor vehicle accident. Which part of the brain received the coup injury?	Frontal Focal brain injuries produced by something striking the front of the head usually produce only coup injuries, or those occurring directly beneath the point of impact.
A patient has a spinal cord tumor that is causing an irritative syndrome. What does this imply to the nurse?	The patient is experiencing compression symptoms plus radicular pain. Irritative syndromes involve compressive symptoms plus radicular pain and paresthesias.
The nurse is caring for a patient with myasthenia gravis. If either a myasthenic or cholinergic crisis occurs, the nurse should:	monitor for respiratory arrest. As in myasthenic crisis, the individual is in danger of respiratory arrest during a cholinergic crisis.
A patient has a recent spinal cord injury. Which term should the nurse use to describe the loss of reflex function below the level of injury/lesion?	Spinal shock In spinal shock, reflex function is completely lost in all segments below the lesion.

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