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Intro to Psych
Weeks 6 - Weeks 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Associative learning occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment. true or false | true |
| _______ is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events. Learned behavior Operant conditioning Classical conditioning | classical conditioning |
| Ivan Pavlov's research on the digestive system of dogs unexpectedly led to his discovery of the learning process now known as classical conditioning. true or false | true |
| ______ a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism | unconditioned stimulus |
| A neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response. | True False |
| An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with a conditioned stimulus. True False | False |
| In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as acquisition, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. | True |
| When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called _________. | stimulus discrimination |
| __________ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. | habituation |
| John B. Watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of _______. | human emotion |
| What would keep researchers from performing studies like that of Watson and Little Albert? | ethics |
| In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence | true |
| According to the ________, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated | law of effect |
| In positive reinforcement, a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior. In negative reinforcement, an undesirable stimulus is removed to increase a behavior | false |
| Punishment always increases a behavior. | false |
| In ____________, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. | observational learning |
| Vicarious reinforcement is the process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior. | true |
| _________ is the period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response. | Acquisition |
| _______ is the unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment. | reflex |
| A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule is when a set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded. | true |
| Analytical intelligence is aligned with academic problem solving and computations. | true |
| The triarchic theory of intelligence is Sternberg's theory of intelligence that places focus on three facets of intelligence; practical, creative, and analytical. | true |
| Morpheme, not to be confused with morphine, is the largest unit of language that conveys no type of meaning. | false |
| Phoneme is the basic sound unit of a given language. | true |
| Schema is a physical construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related actions. | false |
| Dyslexia is a common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain. | true |
| Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others. An example of this is seeing a child cry and understanding that he/she is feeling sad or possibly hurt. | true |
| Fluid intelligence | problem solving |
| Functional fixedness is the ability to see an object for its intended use as well as for uses other than what it is naturally intended. Example: Using a shoe to hammer in a nail in a wall in order to hang a photo. | false |
| Crystalized intelligence is characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it. | true |
| anchoring bias confirmation bias | |
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________. | |
| short term memory is also known as | working memory |
| is an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event | flashbulb memory |
| Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________. | blocking |
| The three functions of memory are what? | encoding, storage, and retrieval |
| When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy does fine” can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________. | acrostic |
| The self-referencing effect refers to ________. | making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you |
| Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others. | affiliation |
| ________ is an individual’s belief in her capability to complete some task. | self-efficacy |
| According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese. | one third |
| Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so. | medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
| ________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed. | bulimia nervosa |
| Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task. | true |
| Sexual orientation is an emotional and erotic attraction to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both. | true |
| ________ is the motivation that arises from external factors or rewards. | extrinsic motivation |
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is when physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time. | false |
| Cognitive-mediational theory is when our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the response. | true |
| As a field, social psychology focuses on ________ in predicting human behavior. | situtational factors |
| Collectivistic cultures are to ________ as individualistic cultures are to ________. | situational; dispositional |
| A(n) ________ is a set of group expectations for appropriate thoughts and behaviors of its members. | social norm |
| When it comes to buying clothes, teenagers often follow social norms; this is likely motivated by ________. | fitting in |
| Attitudes describe our ________ of people, objects, and ideas. | evaluation |
| In order for the central route to persuasion to be effective, the audience must be ________ and ________. | analytical;motivated |
| In the Asch experiment, participants conformed due to ________ social influence. | normative |
| Prejudice is to ________ as discrimination is to ________. | feelings;behavior |
| ________ occurs when the out-group is blamed for the in-group’s frustration. | scapegoating |
| Typically, bullying from boys is to ________ as bullying from girls is to ________. | physical harm;emotional harm |
| The bystander effect likely occurs due to ________. | diffusion of responsibility |
| After moving to a new apartment building, research suggests that Sam will be most likely to become friends with ________. | his next door neighbor |
| The triangular theory of love is a model of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components. | true |
| Informational social influence is NOT conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information. | false |
| Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perception. | true |
| Coping is mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including its cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces. | true |
| _________ is peoples’ beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives. | perceived control |
| Psychophysiological disorders are physical disorders or diseases in which symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors. | true |
| Type B is a psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by individuals who tend to be extremely competitive, impatient, rushed, and hostile toward others. | false |
| Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived as ________. | threatening, and no clear options for dealing with it are apparent |
| At which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness? | exhaustion |
| According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment? | death of spouse |
| What is one of the major criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? | It does not take into consideration how a person appraises an event. |
| The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ________. | lymphocytes |
| The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________. | hostility |
| Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which of the following stressors? | terminal cancer |
| Relative to those with low levels of social support, individuals with high levels of social support ________. | tend to tolerate stress well |
| Which of the following is not one of the presumed components of happiness? | learning new skills |
| A psychological disorder is a ________. | condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors |
| Etiology is another word for ________. | causes |
| Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |
| What is comorbidity? | co-occurrence of two disorders |
| The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events. | diathesis-stress |
| ________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. | anxiety |
| People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. | obsessive-compulsive |
| ________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt. | suicidal ideation |
| Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder. | psychotic |
| Cultural competence is a therapist’s understanding of, and attention to, ________. | race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment |
| Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________. | relapse |
| Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease. | chronic |
| Aversive conditioning is a ________. | counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior |
| Who developed psychoanalysis? | Sigmund Frued |
| What is the goal of humanistic therapy? | helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves |
Created by:
caraquintana0215