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3617 - Test 1 p.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Freedom; independent decision making | Autonomy |
| Patient advocacy; avoidance of harm | Beneficence/Nonmaleficence |
| Loyalty, fairness, truthfulness, advocacy | Fidelity |
| Equal and fair distribution of resources | Justice |
| Core functions of public health | 1. Assessment 2. Policy development 3. Assurance |
| Involves systematically collecting data on the population, monitoring the population’s health status, and making information available about the health of the community | Assessment |
| Refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population, using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions | Policy development |
| Making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available, and making sure that a competent public health and personal health care workforce is available | Assurance |
| Problems are defined and solutions are implemented for or with a defined population or sub-population as opposed to diagnoses, interventions, and treatment carried out at the individual level | Population-focused practice |
| Type of prevention in which illness/exposure is prevented before it happens, and also includes patient education | Primary prevention |
| Type of prevention involving screenings to detect illness/exposure | Secondary prevention |
| Type of prevention that involves management of diagnoses | Tertiary prevention |
| What type of prevention is this? The public health nurse develops a health education program for a population of school age children that teaches them about the effects of smoking on health | Primary prevention |
| What type of prevention is this? The public health nurse provides toxin screenings for migrant workers who may be exposed to pesticides | Secondary prevention |
| What type of prevention is this? The public health nurse provides a diabetes clinic for a defined population of adults in a low-income housing unit in the community | Tertiary prevention |
| ____________ addresses health equity, elimination of disparities, and improved health for all groups across the life span through disease prevention, improved social and physical environments, and healthy development and health behaviors | Healthy People 2020 (and 2030) |
| Simply put, ____________ is an initiative for the future, making it better by setting goals and objectives | Healthy People 2020 (and 2030) |
| ____________ established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) in ______. This influenced the development of public health programs to improve the health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations in the ____________________ | Mary Breckinridge, 1925, Appalachian region of southeastern Kentucky |
| In ______, prominent settlement houses were established in ______________ by ________ and ________ | 1893, New York’s Lower East Side, Lillian Wald, Mary Brewster |
| __________ was the first African-American nurse. She was a Canadian graduate of _______________ in _______, and was hired by the _______________ in _______ | Jessie Sleet Scales, Provident Hospital School of Nursing, Chicago, New York Charity Organization Society, 1900 |
| The Social Security Act was passed in ______, and was designed to prevent recurrence of the problems of the _________ | 1935, Great Depression |
| The ___________ for nursing education was passed in ______. This established the Cadet Nurse Corps and supported increased undergraduate and graduate enrollment in schools of nursing | Bolton-Bailey Act, 1943 |
| In _____, nurses first became classified as professionals by the US Civil Service Commission | 1946 |
| In _______, the _________ was approved, providing funds for hospital construction in underserved areas and requiring these hospitals to provide care to poor people | 1946, Hill-Burton Act |
| The National Mental Health Act was passed in _______ | 1946 |
| Published in _____ by the Massachusetts Sanitary Commission, the ____________ was the first attempt to describe a model approach to the organization of public health in the United States | 1850, Shattuck Report |
| The _________ of ______ was important because it supported and increased undergraduate and graduate nursing enrollment | Bolton Act, 1943 |
| The IOM report ___________, published in _____, clearly described the disarray of public health. At the time, there was agreement on what the mission of public health should be, but less on how to achieve it. The report emphasized 3 core functions: | The Future of Public Health, 1988, assessment, policy development, assurance |
| Activities whose goal is to protect people from becoming ill as a result of actual or potential health issues | Disease prevention |
| Racial or ethnic differences in the quality of health care, not based on access or clinical needs, preferences, or appropriateness of an intervention | Disparities |
| A computer-based client medical record | Electronic medical record |
| A trend toward increased flow of goods, services, money, and disease across national borders | Globalization |
| A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity | Health |
| Activities that have as their goal the development of human attitudes and behaviors that maintain or enhance well-being | Health promotion |
| A part of the National Academy of Sciences and an organization who purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health | Institute of Medicine |
| The providing of integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership w/ clients, & practicing in the context of family & community | Primary care |
| A combination of primary care and public health care made universally acceptable to individuals and families in a community, with their full participation, and provided at a cost that the community and country can afford | Primary health care |
| Organized community and multidisciplinary efforts, based on epidemiology, aimed at preventing disease and promoting health | Public health |
| In the US, leading causes of death have changed from _________ to ______ and __________ | infectious diseases, chronic, degenerative diseases |
| Medicare is a _______funded health insurance program for the ______ and ______ and persons with _____________ | federally, elderly, disabled, end-stage-renal disease |
| Medicaid is a jointly sponsored _____ and _____ program that pays for medical services for the ____, ____, _____, _____, and families with __________ | state, federal, aged, poor, blind, disabled, dependent children |
| Medicare and Medicaid have significantly reduced the uninsured ________ population, and help with the ____ of health care. ______ is also improving due the CMS database of hospital ______, and refusal to reimburse hospitals for ____________ | nonelderly, cost, Quality, quality, “preventable complications” |
| Demographic trends include increased ______ and decreased ______, increasing average ____, change in largest minority from _______ to ______, a growing ________ population, more _____-parent homes, and overall decline in _______ | fertility, mortality, age, African-American, Hispanic, foreign-born, single, mortality |
| Whites are expected to make up ___% of the US population by 2050 | 50.1 |
| Social & economic trends include emphasis on taking care of ______ to be healthy, growing appreciation of _________, changing composition of _____ and ______ patterns, rising ______ incomes and ____ gaps, & revised definition of ______ health care | oneself, quality of life, families, living, household, wage, quality |
| Though average _______ income is increasing, the gap between the richest ___% and poorest ___% is ______ | per-person, 25, 25, widening |
| Health workforce trends include lack of _____________ especially in _______ areas, moves to contain _____ and move to _________ care, a current ______ shortage, and need to increase _____ nurse population | primary-care providers, underserved, costs, community-based, nursing, minority |
| Positive effects of technological trends include ______ health care services, _____ costs, and more ______ in regards to time & travel | improved, reduced, convenience |
| Negative effects of technological trends include ______ costs due to new tech & programs, ____ liability, the potential for decreased _______, and over-reliance on ______ | higher, legal, privacy, machines |
| ____________ contributed to the Code of Ethics by believing nurses should be people of _________. She was a champion of ________, passionate about the need to provide care to the ________, and committed to the importance of a _______ environment | Florence Nightingale, good moral character, primary prevention, disenfranchised, sanitary |
| The ____________ is considered to be nursing’s first code of ethics | Nightingale Pledge |
| Refers to the allocation of benefits and burdens to members of society | Distributive justice (Social justice) |
| 4 Ethical Principles | 1. Respect for autonomy 2. Nonmaleficence 3. Beneficence 4. Distributive justice |
| Requires that individuals be permitted to choose those actions and goals that fulfill their life plans unless those choices result in harm to another | Respect for autonomy |
| Requires that health care professionals act according to the standards of due care, always seeking to produce the least amount of harm possible | Nonmaleficence |
| Requires that we perform actions to maintain or enhance the dignity of other persons whenever those actions do not place an undue burden on health care providers | Beneficence |
| 3 Ethical Theories | 1. Egalitarian 2. Libertarian 3. Liberal Democratic |
| Theory that advocates that everyone is entitled to equal rights and equal treatment in society, with government able to redistribute resources if needed | Egalitarian |
| Theory that advocates for social and economic liberty, with government having a very limited role | Libertarian |
| Theory that values both liberty and equality | Liberal Democratic |
| The best way to evaluate advocacy is to determine whether the ______________ used resulted in _______________ related to the ethical issues and dilemmas | ethical decision-making framework, morally justified actions |
| Ethical Decision-Making Framework | 1. Identify ethical issues & dilemma 2. Place them within meaningful context 3. Obtain all relevant facts 4. Reformulate if needed 5. Consider appropriate approaches to actions/options 6. Make decisions & take action 7. Evaluate decisions & action |
| The first step in developing cultural competence | Self-examination (cultural awareness) |
| Barriers to providing culturally competent health care | Stereotyping Prejudice Racism Ethnocentrism Cultural imposition Cultural conflict Cultural shock |
| Attributing certain beliefs and behaviors about a group to an individual without giving adequate attention to individual differences | Stereotyping |
| Having a deeply held reaction, often negative, about another group or person | Prejudice |
| A form of prejudice and refers to the belief that persons born into a particular group are inferior | Racism |
| A type of cultural prejudice at the population level; the belief that one’s own group determines the standards for behavior by which all other groups are to be judged | Ethnocentrism |
| The tendency to ignore all differences among cultures | Cultural blindness |
| Belief in one’s superiority, or ethnocentrism, and the act of imposing one’s values on others | Cultural imposition |
| A perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of expectations between clients and nurses when either group is not aware of cultural differences | Cultural conflict |
| The feeling of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to another cultural group that differs in practices, values, and beliefs | Cultural shock |
| A combination of culturally congruent behaviors, practice attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to work effectively in cross-cultural situations | Cultural competence |
| During _______ development, even extraordinarily small exposures to toxic chemicals can permanently affect normal development | fetal |
| Factors making children susceptible to environmental hazards | Poverty Lack of access to health care Small and immature immune systems More rapid breathing Smaller bodies with less surface area (more impact on organs) Short stature - lower breathing zones |
| _______ and ___________ are especially at risk of environmental contaminants | Children, pregnant women |
| A community assessment that is the motorized equivalent of a physical assessment for an individual | Windshield survey |
| ________ survey refers to looking through the front of the car as the nurse in community health drives through the community collecting data | Windshield |
| 2 ways to assess the environment for potential environmental health risks for populations and individuals | Windshield survey IPREPARE |
| I PREPARE pneumonic | Investigate potential exposures Present work Residence Environmental concerns Past work Activities Referrals and resources Educate |
| Environmental health competencies for nurses | Basic Knowledge and Competence Assessment and Referral Advocacy, Ethics, and Risk communication Legislation and Regulation |
| Lead exposure usually occurs due to _____ before ____. The route of exposure is ______. The population of most concern is ______ | paint, 1978, ingestion, children |
| Health effects of lead | Damage to nervous system & brain development Slow growth Learning problems Hyperactivity Hearing problems Headaches Premature births HTN in adults |
| ______ is a naturally occurring gas & a product of decaying uranium, and found in soils. Most common point of exposure is _______. Route of exposure is ______. Populations of most concern are people living in homes with _____ present, and those who _____ | Radon, indoor air, inhalation, radon, smoke |
| Radon health effects | Lung damage Lung cancer With smoking is a serious health risk |
| ___________ is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is produced when carbon-containing fuels are not completely combusted. It can build up with inadequate ________ ventilation. Route of exposure is _____, and pops of most concern are ______ & _______ | Carbon monoxide, natural gas; inhalation, children, older adults |
| _________ is the leading cause of death due to poisoning in industrialized nations | Carbon monoxide |
| Signs/Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning | Dull headache Weakness Dizziness N/V SOB Confusion LOC Blurred vision |
| ________ are used to kill pests. The most common exposure points are ____, ______, & _____ sprayed. Routes of exposure are _____, _____, _____, & _____. Pops of concern are people who live/work close to where applied, or those ______ contaminated food | Pesticides, air, drinking water, food, inhalation, dermal, contact, ingestion, ingesting |
| Health effects of pesticides | Nervous system effects Eye & skin irritation Carcinogens Endocrine system & hormone effects |
| _______ is found in industry thermometers, batteries, and burning coal. It can also accumulate in _____ and settle into ____. Even small spills can make _____ levels unsafe. Route of exposure is ______, and pops of most concern are _______ and ________ | Mercury, fish, water, indoor, ingestion, pregnant women, small children |
| Health effects of mercury | Fetal effects - incoordination - brain damage - retardation - inability to speak - blindness - seizures Children - Nervous, Digestive, & Kidney damage |
Created by:
Handerson55