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Speech&Debate
finals vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ad hominem fallacy | attacking a person rather than the argument |
| Ad populum fallacy | claiming that something is true because of popular belief |
| Affirmative | arguing in favor of adopting the resolution |
| Abuse | - This refers to arguments, assumptions, or definitions made by one side that prevent both sides from completing on equal ground. these assumptions skew the round in favor of one team. |
| A priori | "Prima Fascia," is an argument that comes before arguments that relate to the value criterion. Sometimes called a "pre-standards issue", you must answer these arguments, they are intended to be arguments that will make you automatically lose the round. |
| Break | to qualify into elimination round |
| Brief | An orderly arrangement (outline) of all the arguments needed to prove or disprove a proposition. |
| Blocking | any movements made during a performance |
| Burden of Proof | the affirmative’s responsibility to prove a need for adoption of a resolution or that the resolution is true |
| Card | a piece of evidence with a claim and warrant |
| Constructive | speeches in which debaters introduce their position and advocacy. They build arguments and cases. In Lincoln-Douglas debate the first two speeches are constructive. |
| Contention | a major argument in the debate. Affirmatives and negatives build their cases with this, which are usually stated in one declarative sentence. |
| Criterion | a necessary or sufficient standard by which to measure the competing values. It is a conceptual tool used to decide which value should be upheld. |
| Crystallize | debaters do this in their last speech. this involves summing up the debate, addressing the most important arguments, and offering voting issues. |
| Cut | to take only selected sections from a piece. Used for fitting into time limits or to remove inappropriate material |
| Case | The arguments and evidence on which a debate team bases its stand on a given proposition. |
| Cost Benefit Analysis | analyzing the benefits of a policy versus the cost |
| Counter Plan | the negative admits the present system should be changed and argues that the negative team’s proposal (plan) is better than what the affirmative has offered. |
| Cross Examination | the time one debater gets to interact with another debater by asking questions. In Lincoln-Douglas debate, each debater gets three minutes of this time after his or her opponent's constructive speech. |
| Double Entered | entered in more than one event in a pattern |
| Debate | Formalized public speaking in which participants prepare and present speeches on opposite sides of an issue to determine which side has the stronger arguments. |
| Drop | to lose a debate round |
| Ethics | rules or standards that govern conduct |
| Evidence | refers to published literature introduced into the debate to provide support for an argument. Lincoln-Douglas debate is less of this than Policy Debate. Parliamentary debate does not use this. |
| Extemporaneous | speaking without the benefit of a prapared or memorized speech |
| Flowing | note taking during a debate, accurately recording the principle arguments and rebuttals |
| Finals | an elimination round involving the top two teams in debate or usually the top six competitors in IE’s |
| Forensics | the art or study of argumentation and formal debate |
| Flow | A note taking technique. Debaters and judges flow throughout the round to keep track of the arguments being made. It may also refer to the notepad itself |
| Games Theory | the idea that debate must be fair for both sides. The rules of debate must not provide a better opportunity for one side to win over another. |
| Ground | refers to the arguments debaters can make during the round. |
| Inherency | Isolating the cause of a problem. If it stems from the system or policy in question; the requirement to prove that the problem stems from the policy in question |
| Introduction | the beginning of a piece |
| Issues | The points in a debate on which there are clashes of opinion |
| Junior | a competitor in their first or second year of competition (used at tournaments) |
| Judging Paradigms | the judge’s educational philosophy; the model or view that guides their decision - what they deem important in a round and what they do not want to see or hear |
| Lay Judges | judges who are unfamiliar with debate theory; typically a parent with no prior judging experience |
| Leader of the Opposition | the first and last speaker for the Opposition team |
| Member of Government | The second speaker for the Government team (Affirmative) |
| Member of the Opposition | the second speaker for the Opposition team (Negative) |
| Novice | a competitor in their first year of competition, or a division in a tournament involving only first year competitors. |
| Negative | the side that defends the present system and argues against the resolution; aka Opposition |
| Open | the top level of competition; aka Varsity |
| Out rounds | elimination rounds such as finals, semifinals, quarterfinals, etc. |
| Octo finals | Elimination round comprised of the top 16 teams or groups |
| Prime Minister | the first and last speaker for the Government (Affirmative) team |
| Prima Fascia Case | -- A case that contains sufficient evidence to win a debate if the other side presented no argument. |
| Pattern | events are divided and run at different times, usually there are three of these in a tournament |
| Proposition | - A topic stated in debatable form; it establishes a fact, establishes or changes a belief, or recommends a policy |
| Prop. Affirming a fact | determines what is true or false |
| Prop. establishing or changing a belief | seeks to establish or change a belief |
| Prop. Reccomending a policy | reccomends a policy to determine what action should be taken |
| Piece | the literature selection (title and author) you are performing in interpretation events: DI, HI, DUO, Prose, and Poetry |
| Prep Time | In parliamentary: time that is used before a debate to prepare a case; In Lincoln-Douglas: time that is used between speeches to prepare for cross-ex or their next speech |
| Prima Fascia | Latin for "on face" (aka a priori) An argument that supposedly comes before arguments that relate to the value criterion. "pre-standards issue" you must answer, since they are intended to be arguments that will make you automatically lose the round. |
| Predictability | This is used to refer to how predictable an argument was based upon the topic literature or some standard of preparedness. |
| Power Matching | arranging teams with equal records to debate each other |
| Postings | Papers posted on walls before each round that tell competitors where their next round will be and against whom |
| Picket Fence | to earn first places from all your judges in all of your rounds at a tournament; on tabulation sheets, the ones resemble a picket fence. |
| Pick Up | to win a debate round |
| Rebuttal Speech | rebuilds arguments after attacks, refutes arguments of the opposing team, and summarizes the debate |
| Refutation | directly attacking the opposing teams’ arguments |
| Rounds | a complete debate or round of individual events |
| Resolution | aka res) The topic of the debate. This sets forth the issues to be discussed in the debate and the respective sides affirmative and negative teams will take. |
| Reasons | Statements that justify the proposition. |
| Semi Finals | Elimination rounds consisting of the top four teams or groups |
| Spirit of The Resolution | refers to the reasonable interpretation and limits of the resolution |
| Status Quo | – the current state of affairs, the present system |
| Spread | to read your cases and evidence as fast as humanly possible, in an attempt to cram as much information into a given time span as possible, thus overwhelming your opponent(s). |
| Standard | the value criterion |
| status quo | the current situation while the debate is occuring |
| Topicality | the argument presented is pertinent to the resolution in spirit or literally, it is topical; in parliamentary debate a team can run a topicality argument if they feel the government team has not been topical with their case |
| Time signals | Hand signals showing how much time you have left |
| Value | a concept, standard, or ideal that makes a judgment |
| Voting Issues | the key points in a debate that are crucial to the outcome; reasons why the judge should give the decision to a team; arguments that have been won by one side or the other and conclude that the resolution is true or false |
| Value | an idea that a debater argues is paramount. The contentions in an Lincoln-Douglas case uphold the value. Generally, the debater will present philosophical background to support and explain their value. |
| Value Objection | The negative debater can offer a competing value that is upheld through their case. The negative must show that this value is superior to the affirmative's value. |
| Weighing Mechanism | the standards by which a judge evaluates the success of the Government and Opposition cases; standards by which a decision is made (criteria |
| Warrant | The reason why your claim is true. If an argument has no warrant, it may be automatically disregarded by some judges. |
| Wild Card | – a privilege earned by doing well at a League tournament which allows you to attend the State Qualifying tournament in addition to our allotted slots; usually earned by winning first place at 2 or 3 league tournaments |
Created by:
2sm4rt
Popular English Vocabulary sets