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AP LIT FINAL WORDS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| allusion | passing reference to a familiar person, place, event etc. ex: "He saw himself as a modern job." |
| allegory | fictional work in which characters represent ideas or concepts. ex: In paul Bunyan's Pilgram's Progress, the characters named faithful + mercy are meant to represent types of ppl rather than to be characters in their own rights. |
| alliteration | repetition of consonant sounds. ex: "The tall tamarack trees shaded the cozy cabin" |
| analogy | a form of comparison in which the writer explains s/t unfamiliar by comparing it to s/t familiar. ex: "The pond was as smooth as a mirror." |
| audience | intended readership. ex: "The readers of a national weekly news-magazine come from all walks of life and have diverse opinions..." |
| cause and effect analysis | answers the question "why" and explains the reasons for an occurrence of the consequences of an action. (example of exposition) |
| comparison and contrast | points out similarities and differences between two or more subjects (in the same class or category).purpose is to clarify - to reach a conclusion about the items being C+C. (example of exposition) |
| conflict | argument or problem |
| antithesis | a balanced pairing of opposites |
| connotation and denotation | meaning of words. denotation is the literal dictionary definition, ex: denotation of a lamb is "young sheep". connotation is the implied definition. connotations of lamb are numberous: gentle, docile, weak, peaceful, blessed, innocent, frisky. |
| description | tells how a person, place or thing is perceived by the 5 senses. (prose). Objective description -reports these sensory qualities factually. subjective description - gives the writer's interpretation of them. |
| essay components | intro paragraph: hook, intro to point, thesis. body paragraphs. conclusion: restate thesis,elevate thesis advice, warning, ask question,apply to larger context |
| diction | authors choice of words. writer's diction contributes to tone of the text. ex: The gentleman was considerably irritated." (formal, elevated diction). |
| exposition | clarify, explain + inform. exposition process: process analysis, definition, division/classification, comparison/contrast exemplification+cause/effect analysis. ex: novel involves wedding, exposition might exp. signif. of it to T ovall work of lit (prose) |
| hyperbole | (F.O.S) - exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis. ex: "my feet are as cold as an iceberg" or "I'll die if I don't see you soon." emphasis on exaggeration rather than literal representation - opposite of understatement. |
| irony | occurs when a situation produces an outcome that is the opposite of what is expected. dramatic (reader knows something the character doesnt), situational (different outcome then whats expected), verbal (sarcasm). ex: "I am glad my case is not serious." |
| figurative language | umbrella term for any uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison. ex: "You've earned your wings" ("you've succeeded") - comparision w/ bird who just learned how to fly. (similes, metaphors, symbols) |
| metaphor | two unlike things are compared directly, for emphasis/dramatic effect. ex: govt = "ship of state", industry + businesses = "engines of ship", citizens = "passenger of the ship". |
| mood | prevailing or dominant feeling at work, scene, or event. ex: In the opening scene of macbeth in which 3 witches are center stage, for instance, sets mood of doom/tragedy for 1st act of play. mood ~ atmosphere |
| narration | tell a story/what happened. used in fiction, also nonfiction (by itself or in conjuction w. other types of prose. (prose) |
| personification | (F.O.S) objects or ideas are described as having human qualities/personalities. ex: "The saddened birch trees were bent to the ground, laden w/ ice; they groaned and shivered in the cold winds." (trees represented as capables of human emotion) |
| purpose | what the writer wants to accomplish in a particuliar piece of writing. Purposeful writing seeks to relate(narration), to describe (description), to explain (analytical), or to convince (argument). |
| rhetorical question | question asked for the sake of argument. (no direct answer provided, probably answer implied in argument). ex: "When will nuclear proliferation end". used to introduce topics writer's plan to discuss or to emphasize imp. points. |
| rhetoric | art and logic of a written or spoken argument (persuade, analyze expose) - purposeful. |
| rhetorical devices | specific language tools an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy/achieve a purpose for writing. (allusion, diction, imagery, syntax, selection of detail, figurative language and repetition.) |
| rhetorical strategies | the way an author organizes words, sentences, + overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose. ex: if the writer wishes to show how to make cookies, most effective strategy would be process analysis. |
| syntax | way words are arranged in a sentence. ex: "The big blue sky beckoned her," says the same thing as "She was beckoned by the big blue sky." (similar meaning, diff. syntax/word order) |
| simple sentence | one subject and one verb. ex: "The singer bowed to her audience." |
| compound sentence | two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or)/ semicolon. ex: "The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores." |
| complex sentence | independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. ex: "You said that you would tell the truth." |
| loose sentence | makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending. ex: "We reached Edmonton/that morning/after a turbulent flight/and some exciting experiences." |
| periodic sentence | makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached. ex: "That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton." |
| balanced sentence | phrases and clauses balance each other by virtue or their likeness or structure, meaning an/or length. ex: "he maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadth me beside the still waters." |
| natural order | subject comes before the predicate. ex: "Oranges grow in California." |
| inverted order | predicate comes before the subject. ex: "In California grow oranges." (normal sent. patterns are reversed to create an emphatic order/rythmic effect. |
| split order | divides predicate into parts with the subject coming in the middle. ex: "In California oranges grow." |
| juxtaposition | poetic + rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words/phrases are places next to each other (effect of wit/surprise). ex: "The apparition of these face in a crowd:/Petals on a wet, black, bough." ("In a station at the Metro" by E.Pound |
| parallel structure (parallelism) | grammatical or structural similarity between sent's or parts of a sent. involves an arangement of words/phrases/sent's/para's so that elements of equal important are equally developed/similiarly phrased. ex:"He was walking, running, and jumping for joy." |
| repetition | device in which words, sounds + ideas are used more than once. (purpose = enhancing rhythn/creating emphasis). ex: "...govt of the ppl, by the ppl, for the ppl, shall not perish from the earth." (Gettysburg address - Lincoln) |
| clause | grammatical organization |
| phrase | a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit |
| message | authors main idea, concept |
| tone | attitude in which an author presents a subject. a particuliar tone results from a writer's diction, sentence structure, purpose + attitude towards the subject. ex: serious, scholarly, humorous, mournful, ironic... |
| style | individual manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas. author's particular selection of words, sentence structure, arrangement of ideas create style. |
| speaker | narrator of a story, poem, drama - fictional persona. (not the author - creates the voice of the speaker) |
| organization | arrangement and presentation of ideas. Narration (organized chronologically), Exposition (simplest > complex), Argument (least imp. > most imp.). good writers are careful to discover an order of presentation suitable for their audience and their purpose. |
| objective / subjective | objective (writing factual and impersonal) subjective (impressionistic writing, personal interpretation) |
| thesis | statement of the main idea of an essay - controlling idea. thesis may be implied rather than stated directly. |
| structure | how something is organized |
| prose | exposition, description, persuasive, synthesis, exigence (written or spoken in language) |
| rhetorical appeals | ethos (persuade readers by appealing to their sense of ethical principles), logos( use of logic as a controlling principle in an argument), pathos (argumentative proof - emotional lang, connotative diction, appeals to reader's empathetic values/emotions) |
| logical fallacy | error in reasonin makes argument invalid. oversimplification; non sequitur "it does not follow"; post hoc, ergo propter hoc "after this therefore because of this"; begging the question (assuming);false analogy; either/or thinking (issue only has 2 sides) |
| simile | (F.O.S)comparision between 2 unlike things using the words like/as/than |
| Euphemism | mild/pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate idea. (used to soften the impact of what is being discussed. ex:"departed" > "dead" |
| argument | form of persuasion that appeals to reason instead of emotions to convince an audience to think/act in a certain way |
| chiasmus | in poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the 2nd part is syntactically balanced against the first, but w/ the part reversed. |
| Asyndeton | commas used w/o conjuctions to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally. |
| Assonance | repetition of similar vowels sounds followed by diff. consonant sounds especially in words that are together. |
| Zeugma | use of a word to modify 2 or more words, but used for diff. meanings. |
| symbolism | device in literature where an object represents an idea |
| pun | usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest 2 or more meanings,(play on words). |
| oxymoron | phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction |
| symbol | a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself + that also stands for s/t more than itself. |
| tricolon | sentence of 3 parts of equal imp. + length, usually 3 independent clauses. |
| imagery | use of lang. to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, thing, place, or an experience |
| mood | an atmosphere created by a writer's diction and the details selected. |
| theme | main idea of the overall work; central idea; topic of discourse/discussion |
| tetracolon | a succession of four coordinate items |
| epistrophe | the repetition of a word/words at the end of successive phrases/sentences |
| asyndeton | abscense of expected conjuctions |
| anaphora | repetition of a word/words at the beginning of successive phrases/sentences |
| tautology | repetition of an idea in 2 words that are nearly synonymous |
| synchises | balanced pair of phrases/clauses in which the order of the 1st pair is repeated in the 2nd pair |
| polysyndeton | the use of more conjuctions than is normal |
| oxymoron | the juxtaposition of 2 normally incompatible words; in essence, a 2-word paradox. |
| annotation | a note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram |
| clause | a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate |
| phrase | a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause. |
| conjunction | a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g., and, but, if). |
| preposition | a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in “the man on the platform,” “she arrived after dinner,” |
| oversimplification | simplify (something) so much that a distorted impression of it is given : a false and oversimplified view of human personality. |
| analysis | detailed examination of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation |
| form | the structure of a word, phrase, sentence, or discourse |
Created by:
jodiesalzberg
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