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exam 4 review
General Chemistry II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The number of nucleons in a Carbon nucleus with an atomic mass of 60 and a proton number of 27 is... | 60, [number of nucleons = Atomic mass] |
| Determine the identity of the daughter nuclide from the positron emission of C-11 | Since the starting atom is C, we would have an emission of a B atom with an unchanging weight of 11 meaning that the proton count would be 5 |
| The age of an ancient tree trunk is estimated using radiocarbon dating. If the trunk has a C-14 decay rate that is 34% of what it is in living plants, what equation would you use to find how old the trunk is? | In(%)=-(0.693/half life)(t) Where, t=time in years %= decimal percentage, for example 36% would be put into this equation as (.36). |
| The age of an ancient tree trunk is estimated using radiocarbon dating. If the trunk has a C-14 decay rate that is 34% of what it is in living plants, how old is the trunk? The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years. | the tree is In(.34)(5730/-0.693)=8920 years old |
| Calculate the mass defect in Ni-59 if the mass of a Ni-59 nucleus is 58.69344 amu. The mass of a proton = 1.00728 amu The mass of a neutron = 1.008665 amu. | remember, (#of Protons+#of Neutrons=Atomic Mass) (#of protons)(1.00728)+(# of neutrons)(1.008665) =Atomic Mass Atomic Mass - Theoretical Nucleus Mass=Mass defect |
| How many neutrons and protons are in Ni-59? | N-31, or 59-28=31 P-28, atomic # |
| How many neutrons are in Ni-60? | Atomic mass-Protons=# of neutrons 60-28=32 |
| If the calculated mass of a atom is 60.48128 u and the atomic mass is 59.9308 u, what is the mass defect of the atom? | calculated-actual=Mass Defect 60.48128 u - 59.9308 u = 0.5505 u |
| If an Ag-107 atom has a calculated mass of 107.86206u and a mass Defect of 0.2778 u, what was the actual mass of the nucleus? | calculated-actual=Mass Defect 107.86206+0.2778=108.1399u |
| Total mass is equal to... | (#of p(Mass of Proton))+(#of n(mass of neutron)) p=Proton,n=Neutron |
| bidentate | A term describing ligands that donate two electron pairs to the central metal. |
| chelate | A complex ion that contains either a bi- or polydentate ligand. (26.3) |
| chelating agent | The coordinating ligand of a chelate. (26.3) |
| complex ion | An ion that contains a central metal ion that is bound to one or more ligands. (18.8, 26.3) |
| coordinate covalent bond | The bond formed when a ligand donates electrons to an empty orbital of a metal in a complex ion. (26.3) |
| coordination compound | A neutral compound made when a complex ion combines with one or more counterions. (26.3) |
| coordination isomers | Isomers of complex ions that occur when a coordinated ligand exchanges places with the uncoordinated counterion. (26.4) |
| coordination number (in a crystal structure) | The number of atoms with which each atom in a crystal lattice is in direct contact. (13.3) |
| crystal field theory | A bonding model for coordination compounds that focuses on the interactions between ligands and the central metal ion. (26.1) |
| geometric isomers | For complex ions, isomers that result when the ligands bonded to the metal have a different spatial arrangement. (26.4) |
| high-spin complex | A complex ion with weak field ligands that have the same number of unpaired electrons as the free metal ion. (26.5) |
| lanthanide contraction | The trend toward leveling off in size of the atoms in the third and fourth transition rows due to the ineffective shielding of the f sublevel electrons. (26.2) |
| ligand | A neutral molecule or an ion that acts as a Lewis base with the central metal ion in a complex ion. (18.8, 26.3) |
| linkage isomers | Isomers of complex ions that occur when some ligands coordinate to the metal in different ways. (26.4) |
| low-spin complex | A complex ion with strong-field ligands that have fewer unpaired electrons than the free metal ion. (26.5) |
| monodentate | A term that describes ligands that donate only one electron pair to the central metal. (26.3) |
| optical isomers (enantiomers) | Two molecules that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of one another. (22.3, 26.4) |
| polydentate | A term that describes ligands that donate more than one electron pair to the central metal. (26.3) |
| primary valence | The oxidation state on the central metal atom in a complex ion. (26.3) |
| secondary valence | The number of molecules or ions directly bound to the metal atom in a complex ion; also called the coordination number. (26.3) |
| stereoisomers | Molecules in which the atoms are bonded in the same order but have a different spatial arrangement. (22.3, 26.4) |
| strong-field complex | A complex ion in which the crystal field splitting is large. (26.5) |
| structural isomers | Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures. (22.3, 26.4) |
| weak-field complex | A complex ion in which the crystal field splitting is small. (26.5) |
| alpha (α) decay | The form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a particle composed of two protons and two neutrons. (21.3) |
| alpha (α) particle | A particle released during alpha decay; equivalent to a helium-4 nucleus. (20.3) |
| beta (β) decay | The form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits an electron. (21.3) |
| beta (β) particle | A medium-energy particle released during beta decay; equivalent to an electron. (21.3) |
| biological effectiveness factor (RBE) | A correction factor multiplied by the dose of radiation exposure in rad to obtain the dose in rem. (21.11) |
| chain reaction | A series of reactions in which previous reactions cause future ones; in a fission bomb, neutrons produced by the fission of one uranium nucleus induce fission in other uranium nuclei. (21.7) |
| critical mass | The necessary amount of a radioactive isotope required to produce a self-sustaining fission reaction. (21.7) |
| cyclotron | A particle accelerator in which a charged particle is accelerated in an evacuated ring-shaped tube by an alternating voltage applied to each semicircular half of the ring. (21.10) |
| dose | The amount of energy absorbed by bodily tissues as a result of exposure to radiation. (21.11) |
| electron capture | The form of radioactive decay that occurs when a nucleus assimilates an electron from an inner orbital. (21.3) |
| exposure | The number of radioactive decay events to which a person is exposed. (21.11) |
| gamma (γ) ray | The form of electromagnetic radiation with the shortest wavelength and highest energy. (8.2, 21.3) |
| Geiger–Müller counter | A device used to detect radioactivity, which uses argon atoms that become ionized in the presence of energetic particles to produce an electrical signal. (21.5) |
| ionizing power | The ability of radiation to ionize other molecules and atoms. (21.3) |
| linear accelerator | A particle accelerator in which a charged particle is accelerated in an evacuated tube by a potential difference between the ends of the tube or by alternating charges in sections of the tube. (21.10) |
| magic numbers | Certain numbers of nucleons (N or Z=2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and N=126) that confer unique stability. (21.4) |
| mass defect | The difference in mass between the nucleus of an atom and the sum of the separated particles that make up that nucleus. (21.8) |
| nuclear binding energy | The amount of energy that would be required to break apart the nucleus into its component nucleons. (21.8) |
| nuclear equation | An equation that represents nuclear processes such as radioactivity. (21.3) |
| nuclear fission | The splitting of the nucleus of an atom, resulting in a tremendous release of energy. (21.7) |
| nuclear fusion | The combination of two light nuclei to form a heavier one. (21.9) |
| nucleons | The particles that compose the nucleus and that are protons and neutrons. (21.4) |
| nuclide | A particular isotope of an atom. (21.3) |
| penetrating power | The ability of radiation to penetrate matter. (21.3) |
| phosphorescence | The long-lived emission of light that sometimes follows the absorption of light by certain atoms and molecules. (21.2) |
| positron | The particle released in positron emission; equal in mass to an electron but opposite in charge. (21.3) |
| positron emission | The form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits a positron. (21.3) |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | A specialized imaging technique that employs positron-emitting nuclides, such as fluorine-18, as a radiotracer. (21.12) |
| radioactive | The state of those unstable atoms that emit subatomic particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation. (21.1) |
| radioactivity | The emission of subatomic particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation by the unstable nuclei of certain atoms. (2.5, 21.1) |
| radiocarbon dating | A form of radiometric dating based on the C-14 isotope. (21.6) |
| radiometric dating | A technique used to estimate the age of rocks, fossils, or artifacts that depends on the presence of radioactive isotopes and their predictable decay with time. (21.6) |
| radiotracer | A radioactive nuclide that has been attached to a compound or introduced into a mixture in order to track the movement of the compound or mixture within the body. (21.12) |
| rem | A unit of the dose of radiation exposure that stands for roentgen equivalent man, where a roentgen is defined as the amount of radiation that produces 2.58×10−4 C of charge per kg of air. (21.11) |
| scintillation counter | A device that detects radioactivity using a material that emits ultraviolet or visible light in response to excitation by energetic particles. (21.5) |
| strong force | Of the four fundamental forces of physics, the one that is the strongest but acts over the shortest distance; the strong force is responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom. (21.4) |
| thermoluminescent dosimeter | A device used to measure the dose of radiation to which a person is exposed. (21.5) |
| transmutation | The transformation of one element into another as a result of nuclear reactions. (21.10) |
| Which of the following species is diamagnetic? 1. A high-spin octahedral Fe2+ complex 2. An isolated, gas-phase Mn2+ ion 3. None of these are diamagnetic 4. A low-spin octahedral Co3+ complex 5. An isolated, gas-phase Cu2+ ion | 4, A low-spin octahedral Co3+ complex |
| Which first-row transition metal has the highest possible oxidation state of +6? a. Sc b. Ti c. V d. Cr e. Mn | Cr |
| Ethylenediamine would be called a __________. -dentate -bidentate -tridentate -Tetradentate -polydentate | bidentate |
| What type of radioactive decay would result from an isotope with 40 protons and 80 neutrons? Alpha decay beta decay positron emission gamma ray emission none of the above, the isotope is stable | beta decay |
| positron emission does what to the ratio of protons to neutrons? | This type of decay raises the amount of neutron to proton ratio effectively rather than reducing it |
| Gamma emission does what to the ratio of protons to neutrons? | Gamma emission does not affect the neutron to proton ratio. |
| Alpha decay does what to the ratio of protons to neutrons? | This type of decay raises the neutron to proton ratio to a small degree rather than reducing it. |
| Beta decay does what to the ratio of protons to neutrons? | It reduces the number of neutrons |
| Which of the following will undergo positron emission? Zr-90 C-12 Zn-50 Sn-140 Ra-226 | Sn-140, This isotope lies above the valley of stability and will undergo beta decay. |
| Gadolinium-150 undergoes alpha decay to form the daughter nuclide and an alpha particle. What are the mass number and atomic number of the daughter nuclide? | mass=146 atomic number=62 |
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