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Atoms, Ions 1

Composition of an atom. Why some atoms become ions. Simple ionic compounds

QuestionAnswer
Think about a Chlorine atom. Find Cl on the periodic table and say how many protons it always has. Cl is number 17, that's its atomic number which is also tells the number of protons in EVERY chlorine atom.
Think about a Chlorine atom. Use the period table and say how many electrons it usually has (when not in a compound). 17, same as the number of protons, because atoms are neutral (positive (protons)=negative (electrons)).
Think about a Chlorine atom. Use the periodic table and say how many neutrons it usually has. This is a bit harder. The mass of an average Cl atom is 35.5 amu which is the mass of all the protons (17.0 amu) plus the neutrons (electrons are too small to matter to the mass). So 35.5 - 17 =...18 or 19 neutrons (NOT 18.5 - no part neutrons allowed!)
*Think about a Chlorine atom. How many electrons does it have in total and in each of its shells? *How many valence electrons does it have? * 17 in total, so 2 in the first (15 left), then 8 in the second (7 left), 7 in the third. * 7 valence electrons in the third/outer shell.
Think about a Chlorine atom. Is it happy about its valence electron(s)? No, atoms prefer empty or full shells.
Think about a chlorine atom. What would it like to do with its valence electron(s)? Since the outer shell is close to full, chlorine would like to fill it by taking an electron from an atom who has an electron to give away.
What do you call a chorine atom that has gained an electron (by taking an electron from another atom)? It is now a negative ion (Cl-) called chloride.
Think about a sodium atom. Use the periodic table to find out how many protons it always has and how many electrons, and neutrons it usually has. Na is number 11, so 11 protons (always), and 11 electrons in the neutral atom. The mass is 23.0 amu and 11.0 amu is from the protons. So 23.0 - 11.0 amu...12 neutrons.
*Think about a sodium atom. How many electrons does it have in total and in each of its shells. *How many valence electrons does it have? 11 in total, 2 in the first (9 left) 8 in the second (1 left), and so 1 valence electron in the third shell.
How does sodium feel about its valence electron(s)? What would sodium like to do? Bad. Atoms like full or empty shells. Na would like to give away the 1 electron in the third shell.
What do you call a sodium atom that has given away (to another atom) its valence electron(s)? It is now a positive ion (Na+) called sodium.
A sodium atom meets a chlorine atom. What happens? Na (the atom) will give its 1 valence electron to Cl the atom. Na will become Na+ and Cl becomes Cl-. They stick together (forming the compound sodium chloride; NaCl) because + and - are attracted to each other.
Think about calcium. How many electrons does it have in total and in each of its shells. Ca has 20 protons and 20 electrons; 2 in the first 8, in the second, 8 in the third, leaving 2 valence electrons in the outer/fourth shell.
Would the calcium atom prefer to lose or gain electrons? Ca would like to lose its 2 valence electrons because that shell is closer to empty than to full.
Could calcium get together with sodium to form an ionic compound? No, both Ca and Na want to give electrons away, so they can't work together.
Could calcium get together with chlorine to form an ionic compound? Yes. Since Ca has 2e- to give away and Cl wants to gain 1e-, Ca must work with 2 Cl atoms. The Ca will give away 1e- to each Cl. The Ca atom becomes the ion Ca2+, and both Cl atoms become the ions (chloride) Cl-. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) is the result.
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