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Chemistry Exam

Topics that need extra scrutiny before the fookin' exam

QuestionAnswer
First ionisation energy vs. second ionisation energy. The first ionization energy refers to the amount of energy needed to get one electron from the outermost energy level. The second ionization energy refers to the amount of energy needed to get one more electron out of the outermost energy level
Ionisation energy vs electronegativity. Ionization energy: the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom. Electronegativity: the ability of an atom in a molecule to draw bonding electrons to itself.
Mixture vs solution. A mixture is a combination of at least two substances, with different properties, that don't chemically combine. A solution is a special mixture in which one thing dissolves in another, making a single form. The materials don't separate.
List the following elements in order of the lowest to highest electronegativity? Cu, Al, Pb, W, In
Which of the following elements has the highest ionisation energy?
How do you calculate electronegativity? Increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group. As a result, the most electronegative elements are found on the top right of the periodic table.
Polar vs nonpolar bonds. Polar molecules occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms. Nonpolar molecules occur when electrons are shared equally between atoms of a diatomic molecule or when polar bonds in a larger molecule cancel each other out.
Explain how polarity is determined. If the difference in electronegativity is greater than 0.4, the bond is considered polar. If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.4, the bond is essentially nonpolar.
What is the relative atomic mass of chlorine when there is 75% of Cl-35 and 25% of Cl-37? (35x75)+(37x25) = 3550/100 = 35.5%
Explain the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond. An ionic bond essentially donates an electron to the other atom participating in the bond, while electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally between the atoms. Ionic bonds form between a metal and a nonmetal. Covalent bonds form between two nonmetals.
Which separation method is used to separate oil from water? Two immiscible liquids, oil and water, can be separated by using Separating Funnel. The mixture of oil and water forms two separate layers because they are completely insoluble in each other.
Does molten NaCl conduct electricity? Yes.
Neon was discovered in 1898. Scientists knew it was a new element because it produced a distinctive bright red emission spectrum. Explain how an element can produce an emission spectrum and what would cause the emission spectrum for neon to be red. (1) Atoms --> excited when electrons absorb photons. (2) The electrons move to HEL. (3) Electrons move to original levels --> ground state. (4) Releases photons. (5) The frequency of light released determines the colour. (6). Red is dominant.  
What are characteristics of ionic bonding? High Melting Point, Brittle, Hard. E.g., NaCl, MgO.
What are characteristics of metallic bonding? Variable Hardness and Melting Point (depending upon strength of metallic bonding), Conducting. E.g., Fe, Mg.
What are characteristics of covalent molecular bonding? Low Melting Point, Nonconducting. E.g., H2, CO2.
What are characteristics of covalent network bonding? High Melting Point, Hard, Nonconducting. E.g., C (diamond), SiO2 (quartz).
Created by: 22JCHAL
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