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Chapter 12 pt. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many protozoa species are there? | 65,000 |
| Protozoa species vary in ____ | shape |
| Protozoa lack a _____ | cell wall |
| Are most protozoa unicellular or multicellular? | unicellular |
| ____ are rare in protozoa | Colonies |
| Are protozoa harmless or harmful? | They are both, most are harmless and free-living in a moist habitat and some are animal parasites and can be spread by insect vectors |
| What is a plasmodium? | a harmful protozoa that causes malaria |
| All protozoa are _____ | heterotrophic |
| Protozoa lack a cell wall and _____ . | chloroplasts |
| How do protozoa eat? | they feed by engulfing other microbes and organic matter |
| Do protozoa have locomotor structures? | yes they have flagella, cilia, or pseudopods |
| What is a trophozoite? | many protozoa exist in this form/stage, motile feeding stage |
| What is a cyst? | when protozoa enter into a dormant resting stage when conditions are unfavorable for growth and feeding |
| All protozoa reproduce _____ | asexually |
| Ways protozoa may reproduce asexually? | 1. fission 2. budding 3.multiple fission |
| Multiple fission is also called | schizogony |
| What is schizogeny/multiple fission? | splitting into more than two organism |
| Schizogeny occurs in | plasmodium life cycle |
| An example of protozoa reproducing sexually would be - | ciliates reproduce sexually by conjugation |
| What is conjugation? | form of sexual reproduction where 2 members fuse and exchange micronuclei; when parent cells divide later, they produce genetically unique daughter cells, not the same as bacterial conjugation |
| Is protozoan identification easy or difficult? | difficult because of diversity |
| Simple grouping of protozoan is based on what? | based on method of motility, reproduction, and life cycle |
| What are the four diverse protozoan groups? | 1. flagellates 2. amoebas (usually have pseudopods) 3. ciliates 4. apicomplexans (usually non-motile; entire group is parasitic) |
| What are Trypansomes? (overall group) | Trypanosoma ; infect blood, transmitted by blood-sucking vectors, causes fever, inflammation, nerve/heart/brain damage |
| What is African trypanosomiasis | T. brucei ; also called “sleeping sickness” ; vector is the tsetse fly, Glossina species, found only in Africa; curable but fatal if not treated |
| What is Chagas disease? | T. cruzi ; also called American trypanosomiasis; vector: kissing bug |
| Who is most at risk for Chagas disease? | minorities, immigrants, and people living in poor or disadvantaged communities appear to be most at risk |
| Annual rate of people infected with Chagas disease? (US) | 300,000 |
| n Mexico, Central America, and South America how many people get Chagas disease? | an estimated 18 million people are infected; 50,000 killed annually |
| What is Giardia intestinalis? | causes the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis |
| Where is Giardia intestinalis found? | Found on surfaces, in soil, food, water contaminated with feces from infected humans or animals |
| zoonotic | can be acquired by humans from infected animals; drinking water/ swimming is the most common method of transmission |
| Giardia intestinalis is a global disease that affects | 2% of adults and 6%-8% of children in developed countries |
| Giardia intestinalis is | the most common intestinal parasitic disease affecting humans in the U.S. |
| Giardia intestinalis can also be contracted by swallowing what? | by swallowing Giardia cysts, which leave the host through feces. An infected person might shed 1-10 billion cysts daily in their feces, and this might last for several months. |
| Swallowing as few as ____ cysts may cause illness (giardia intestinalis) | 10 |
| How is giardia intestinalis spread? | May pass person to person or animal to person; oral/anal contact during sex has been known to cause infection |
| Are drugs and treatment available for giardia intestinalis? | yes |
| Trichomonas vaginalis? | causes Trichomoniasis, an STD |
| Symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis | About 70% usually no symptoms; Females: vaginal discharge, Males: painful or burning urination, penile discharge |
| Triochomonas vaginalis is more common in | women |
| How is triochomonas vaginalis cured? | cured with a single dose of prescription antibiotic |
| Entamoeba histolytica | causes amebiasis, also called amebic dysentery (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); worldwide |
| Only what percent of people infected with Entamoeba hystolytifca get sick? | 10%-20% of infected people become sick |
| Symptoms of Entamoeba histolytica | Symptoms are often mild: diarrhea, stomach pain, stomach cramping |
| What is amebic dysentry? | a severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, bloody stools, and fever. |
| Transmission of Entamoeba histolytica | 1. Puts anything into their mouth that has touched the feces of a person who is infected 2. Swallows something, such as water or food, that is contaminated with E. histolytica. 3. Swallows E. histolytica cysts/eggs picked up from contaminated surfaces |
| Treatment of Entamoeba histolytica | antibiotics |
| Balantidium coli can cause ____ | dysentry |
| Symptoms of Balantidium coli | Mostly asymptomatic, serious illness includes diarrhea, abdominal pain, sometimes perforated colon |
| Ingested cysts of Balantidium coli become what? | become trophozoites in large intestines, and destroy host cells and tissues; cysts excreted in feces |
| Balantidium coli is ____ and the only human parasitic ciliate | rare |
| What is Plasmodium? | causes malaria: shaking chills, high fever, vomiting, severe headache |
| What is the vector and definitive host for Plasmodium? | a mosquito |
| Can Plasmodium be cured? | Can be cured; should be treated early in its course, before it becomes serious and life-threatening. |
| How is Plasmodium currently cured? | Currently used antimalarial drugs are derived from plants: artemisinin and quinine |
| Plasmodium causes ____ | malaria |
| Characteristics of parasitic helminths | Multicellular animals; possess organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection |
| Parasitic helminths have reduced ______, _______, __ ______ | digestive system, reduced nervous system, reduced locomotion |
| Parasitic helminths have complex ______. | reproduction |
| Parasitic helminths parasitize what? | host tissues |
| Parasitic helminths have mouthparts for what? | for attachment to or digestion of host tissues |
| Do parasitic helminths have sex organs? | Yes, most have well developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm |
| Where do fertilized eggs go through larval period? | in or out of host body |
| What kingdom are helminths in? | Animalia |
| Helminths are what nutritional type? | chemoheterotroph |
| Are helminths multicellular? | yes |
| Cellular arrangement of helminths | tissues and organs |
| Food acquisition method of helminths | ingestive; absorptive |
| Characteristic features of helminths | elaborate life cycles |
| How are helminths acquired? | through ingestion of larvae or eggs in food; from soil or water; some are carried by insect vectors |
| How are helminths detected/identified? | by microscopic detection of adult worm, larvae, or eggs |
| About what number of parasites parasitize humans? | 50 species |
| Are parasites found everywhere? | Yes, they are distributed worldwide; some restricted to certain geographic regions with higher incidence in the tropics |
| What kingdom are flatworms in? | Animalia |
| What phylum are flatworms in? | Platyhelminthes (flatworms) |
| What class are flatworms in? | trematodes |
| What are flukes? | are flattened, nonsegmented worms with sucking mouthparts |
| memory aid for trematodes | a “fluke” is like a “trick” (“tr” for “tr”ematodes) |
| What is a cestode | tapeworms: head, called a scolex, has suckers for attaching to intestinal wall; obtain nutrients by absorbing intestinal contents; bodies consist of segments called proglottids) |
| Proglottids are what | bodies of a tapeworm |
| What phylum are roundworms in ? | Nematoda |
| roundworms have | spines and hooks on mouth |
| What are Monoecious helminths ? (hermaphroditic) | Both male and female reproductive systems in one individual |
| What are Dioecious helminths? | Individuals are either male or female; not both |
| life cycle of helminths | 1. egg 2. larva(e) 3. adult |
| Humans can be what two types of hosts to helminths? | definitive and intermediate |
| Anthropods can act as | vectors |
| Vectors may transmit ___ | diseases |
Created by:
lallyespino