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Bonding & structures
Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Covalent bonding | When non-metals share electrons in order to gain a full outer shell. They must share the same amount as they want to gain |
| Covalent bonding is shown by | Dot and cross diagrams - With one - representing a pair of shared electrons |
| Ionic bonding | The formation of ions through the loss or gain of electrons Happens between metals and non-metals with the strong opposite attraction charge holding the bond together |
| Metallic bonding | Atoms lose their outer electron resulting in lots of positive charged atoms surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons to prevent them from rebelling. |
| Properties of metallic bonding | Good conductors due to sea of delocalised electrons Tough as lattice layers can easily slide over one another Malleable and ductile as lattice layers can move |
| Diamond | A giant covalent structure. 4 bonds to each carbon resulting in a high m.p and b.p Insoluble in water Not conductible as no free electrons Very strong as formed under lots of pressure and high temperatures |
| Graphene | 3 strong covalent bonds around each carbon so one delocalised electron. Hexagonal layers held together by delocalised electrons Weak inter-layer forces High m.p and b.p Layers can slide over each other so a lubricant Conducts due to electron |
| Silica | Three oxygen bonded to a silicon atom with no free electrons High melting and boiling point Hard Heat resistant so used as a fire retardant |
| Giant Ionic structures | Positive ions are surrounded by negative ions and vice versa Strong attraction between + and - so high m.p and b.p Soluble in water Does not conduct when a solid, only when molten or a liquid Brittle as like charges would be pushed together repelling |
| Simple molecular structures | Strong covalent bonds between atoms but weak intermolecular forces Often liquid and gases No free electrons so don't conduct Do not dissolve in water |
| Alloys | Metals mixed with another element to disrupt pattern and so make it stronger High-carbon steel is hard but brittle, a good conductor Low-carbon steel is ductile, corrosive and a good conductor Chromium steel is tough and corrosive resistant |
| Nano science | 1-100 nm small Antimicrobial- Nano silver so used for medical stuff Absorbs UV rays but stays transparent- Nano zinc oxide |
| Bucky balls | Buckminster fullerene are very strong due to it's covalent bonds Unreactive and can penetrate cell walls Used for drug administration Environmental and health implications |
| Graphene | A single layer of graphite so very strong, flexible and a good conductor Used for electronics and bulletproof vests |
| Fullerene | A nanotube made out of graphene High length to diameter ratio so very strong Used for bike frames |
| Properties to uses of Nano-technology (4) | -High conductivity-> micro electronics -Strength -> Building materials enhancing - High tensile strength-> Wires - Light-> Overhead cables, sports equipment |
| Pros and Cons of nanotechnology | P- New properties so world of opportunity N- Hard to track so unknown health and environmental impacts |
| Shape memory polymers | Remember shape when heated. Uses- repairing wires |
| Shape memory alloys | Remember shape when heated but a metal Uses- Orthodontic braces, stents, glasses frames |
| Thermochromic dyes | Changes colour wit heat Uses- Thermometer, colour changing mugs |
| Photochromic dyes | Changes colour with light Uses- T-shirts and glasses to sunglasses |
| Polymorph | Low melting point to be easily moulded Uses- Gumshields |
| Hydrogels | Can shrink and swell by holding lots of water in it's polymer chains. Also responds to temperature and pH Uses- nappies, absorbing toxic spillages |
Created by:
Zoe 1
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