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vn02 vet nursing

QuestionAnswer
What is a baby red blood cell called reticulocyte
Agranulocytes have... No granules in cytoplasm
Granulocytes have... Granules in cytoplasm
WBC's are concerned with immunity
WBC Leucocyte
RBC Erthryocyte
Erythrocytes are anuclear
What is the shape of an erythrocyte Bi concave
Examples of Granulocytes Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
Most numerous white blood cells Neutrophils
Neutrophils are concerned with Infection
Basophils are concerned with Allergic reaction
Eosinophils are concerned with Parasitic infestations
Lymphocytes are concerned with Immunity
Monocytes are concerned with Phagocytosis (eats infection)
Examples of agranulocytes Lymphocytes and monocytes
Neutropenia Abnormally low neutrophils
Neutrophilia Abnormally high neutrophils
Macrophages Monocyte which has left blood and entered body tissues
-penia Lack of
-philia High number of
caudally towards the tail
cranially towards the head
rostral towards the nose
proximal towards animal body
distal away from animal body
lateral on the side of
sternal on chest
dorsal surface back
ventral surface underneath animal
palmar under surface of front paw
plantar under surface of hind paw
Body tissues Epithelial, Muscle, connective, muscle
2 types of bone tissue compact and spongy
Types of dense connective tissue Bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament
Ligament bone to bone
tendon bone to muscle
Ultrasound transducer uses which type of crystal piezo-electric crystals
connective tissue types dense, loose, fluid
loose connective tissue adipose tissue (fat)
3 types of cartilage hyaline, elastic and fibrous
spongy tissue found in the epiphyses of long bones + inner section of flat and short bones
compact bone found in the diaphysis of long bones and the outer cortex of short and flat bones
3 types of muscle tissue Striated, smooth and cardiac
Cardiac muscle is found exclusively in the heart
epithelial tissue is found covering external surfaces of the body and internal lining of cavities and passageways
2 types of epithelial tissue Simple/compound
Types of simple epithelial tissue Simple squamous, columnar, cuboidal and ciliated
Types of compound epithelial tissue stratified and transitional
Compound epithelium multi-cell layered
simple epithelium single-cell layered
smooth muscle also known as involuntary muscle, found in stomach, uterus, iris
striated muscle also known as voluntary muscle, found in bicep, tricep
last bone in sternum xiphesternum
1st cervical vertebrae atlas
2nd cervical vertebrae axis
how many bones make up the sternum
lower jaw bone mandible
top jaw bone maxilla
how many bones make up the cervical vertebrae seven (c1-c7)
how many bones make up the thoracic vertebrae 13
how many bones make up up the lumbar vertebrae 7
how many bones are there in the sacral vertebrae 3
coccygeal vertebrae varies between breeds
What controls the penetrating power of the xray beam? Kv
What is the maximum permissable dose per year 50 mSv
What will reduce scatter radiation? Collimating the Light beam diaphragm (LBD)
what is the focal spot? The area on the target which is bombarded with electrons
smaller focal spot would be used for a small area/small animal (hamster)
larger focal spot would be used for a larger area/larger animal (lion)
what happens when the focal spot is increased (larger focal spot) more penumbra, blurry image, not as focused, covers larger area
what happens when focal spot is decreased (small focal spot) less penumbra, clearer image, more focused, covers smaller area
what is the focal spot usually angled to? 22
RPA doesn't work in practice, advises RPS on queries, sets out local rules
what must be put up inside xray room for easy viewing the local rules
what is known to be a safe area to stand away from patient being xrayed 2 metres
RPS works at practice, in charge of day to day upkeep involvement in the xray room and safety regarding radiation
the kV controls... the speed of the electrons and therefore the PENETRATING power of the xray beam
the mA controls... the AMOUNT of xrays produced
If the mAs is halved, what should be done to the Kv to compensate? kV should be increased by 10
if the mAs is doubled, what should be done to the kV to compensate? the kV should be decreased by 10
motor neurons transmit nervous impulses away from CNS
Sensory neurons transmit nervous impulses TOWARDS the CNS
what is the most proximal bone in the hind limb? femur
what is the most proximal bone in the fore limb? humerus
what two bones make up the lower (distal) aspect of the front limb? ulna/ radius
what two bones make up the lower (distal aspect) of the hind limb ? tibia/ fibula
what is the name of the 1st cervical vertebrae (specialised) ? atlas
what is the name of the 2nd cervical vertebrae (specialised)? axis
what is the wrist joint in the front leg called? carpus
what is the 'ankle' of the hind limb called? tarsal
which setting has an impact on the CONTRAST? kV
which setting has an impact on the DENSITY? mAs
what is density? the overall blackness of the image
what is contrast? the difference between the shades of white/black of the image
what is definition? the sharpness of the image
what crystals are used in the ultrasound transducer? piezo -electric
Fossa Hollow/depressed area on a bone
Foramen An opening/passageway into another bone
condyle rounded projection, usually for articulation with another bone
tuberosity/trochanter/tubercle protuberences on the bone which are usually used for muscle attachment
How is bone formed? process of ossification
osteoclasts destroy/remodel bone
osteoblasts build new bone
aponuerosis Broad sheet of tendinous tissue
Insertion the point of attachment of a muscle
origin part of muscle attachment to the more fixed part of the skeleton
joints freely movable, partly movable, fixed
fixed joints suture, fibrous, immovable, synatharodial
partly movable joints Partially movables, ampthiarthrodal, cartiliganous,
freely movable joints Synovial, diarthrodial, freely movable
where are erthryocytes produced? Bone marrow
what does the CBC do? A complete blood count - platelets, RBCs and WBCs
what does the CBC also measure? the amount of haemoglobin in the blood
Anaemia Reduced amount of RBCs
Haemolysis Shortened life span of RBCs
Polycythemia Increased red blood cells (usually caused by dehydration)
where are lymphocytes produced? Lymph nodes in the animal body
Most numerous WBCs? Neutrophils
Main function of lymphocytes? immunity, produce antibodies to produce
Monocytes may be increased in? Pets with chronic infection
Eosinophils increased in? Pets with parasitic infestation
Basophils are increased in/ Pets with allergic reaction
Platelets are produced in the bone marrow
Animals with low platelet count may bruise easily and have blood in their urine/stools
Low platelet count may be caused by damaged bone marrow or if platelets are being destroyed faster than normal life span
What does a PCV measure? measure of RBCs
What is a PCV? percentage of blood, that is cells, compared to the total volume of blood
Albumin Protein produced by liver
ALT liver enzyme. Liver disease is indicated with raised levels of ALT in the blood
Amylase Enzyme produced by the pancreas - helps break down sugars
Lipase Enzyme produced by the pancreas - helps break down fat molecules
bile acids produced by liver and involved in fat breakdown
why is a BAST done? To check the function of the liver (bile acids) and the blood flow to the liver
Large amounts of bilirubin in the blood will cause... Yellowing of skin (jaundice)
mucous membranes which are yellow may be called? Icterus
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Is influenced by the liver, kidneys and by dehydration
BUN is.... a waste product produced by the liver from proteins in the diet, and is eliminated by the kidneys
tetany stiff muscles
Eclampsia low blood calcium
Calcium originates from the bones
Cholesterol is form of fat
creatinine waste product that originates from muscles and is eliminated by the kidneys
Increased creatinine may indicate... kidney disease
Glucose Blood sugar
Diabetes mellitus
 

 



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