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Chapter 24
The Digestive System Pt. 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most nutrient absorption and chemical digestion takes place in the | Large Intestine |
| The large intestine is about __ft long | 20 feet |
| Food moves through small intestine via ___ and ___. | segmentation peristalsis |
| The 3 subdivisions of the large intestine are | 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ilieum |
| The Ileocecal sphincter is where the transition between | Small & Large Intestine |
| The 5 Small Intestine Lining Structures are | 1. Circular Folds 2. Villi 3. Micrivilli 4. Lacteal 5. Intestinal Crypts |
| Circular folds (Plicae circulares) | Slow progress of chyme and increase its contact with mucosa, increasing absorption through exposure |
| Villi | (singular: villus) Cover top of circular folds like a carpet |
| Microvilli | Epithelium with a brush border of projections to increase absorption surface area. Produce digestive enzymes. Where nutrients are absorbed. |
| Lacteal | Lymph vessel in each villus that transports fats to heart to be pumped out |
| Intestinal Crypts | Pores at bases of villi; goblet cells secrete mucus. Site of cell regeneration. |
| The Dudenum is the first __inches of the ___ ___. | 10 inches Small Intestine |
| Where does more digestive processes here than anywhere else in GI tract | Duodenum |
| The Duodenum begins at the ___ and ends as ___ ___. | Pyloric Valve Abrupt downturn |
| The duodenum produces these two hormones | 1. Secretin 2. Cholecystokinin |
| Bile from the gallbladder enters the | Duodenum |
| Pancreatic enzymes enters the | Duodenum |
| HCl from stomach chyme is neutralized here by bicarbonate from the pancreas | Duodenum |
| Secretin is released in response to | HCl entering with chyme from stomach |
| Secretin is made by | S-Cells of duodenum |
| Secretin regulates | Water homeostasis throughout the body |
| Secretin inhibits ___ secretion of ___ cells | HCI Parietal |
| Secretin stimulates ___ from ___ & ___ from ___. | Bicarbonate Pancreas Bile Liver |
| Bile ___ dietary fats in the duodenum so that pancreatic lipase can act upon them | Emulsifies |
| Cholecystokinin is also known as | CCK |
| Cholecystokinin is released when | fatty acids and/or amino acids in chyme enter the duodenum |
| Cholecystokinin increases pancreatic | enzyme secretion = digestion of fats, protein, and carbohydrates |
| Cholecystokinin causes gallbladder to | Secrete bile = emulsification of fats Hunger suppressant (stop eating) |
| Jejunum is __ ft long and is in the ___ intestine | 8 feet Small intestine |
| Jejunum comes right after the | Duodenum |
| The jejunum wall is ___ & ___ with a rich | Thick & muscular Blood supply |
| Jejunum is made of these 3 structures | 1. Circular Folds (Plicae circulares) - increase surface area 2. Villi - projections on the plicae 3. Microvilli - form the brush border (nutrient absorption) |
| The Ilieum is the last ___ft of the ___ intestine | 12 feet Small |
| The Ilieum walls are ___ than ___ and have less ___. | Thinner Jejunum Blood |
| Peyer’s patches are found in the | Ilieum |
| Peyer’s patches are | 1. Clusters of lymphatic nodules only found in ilieum 2. The ‘tonsils of the intestine’ |
| Peyer's patches ___ & ___ bacteria | Catch Destroy |
| What is Segmentation | 1. Ring-like contractions occurring in digestive small intestine 2. One area relaxes, the next contracts, and so on, breaks up food and thoroughly mixes it with digestive juices |
| What is Peristalsis | 1. After most nutrients have been absorbed, undigested residue must be moved out of body 2. Pacesetter cells 3. Successive waves ripple along, moving waste towards the exit |
| The ___ is the largest gland in the body | Liver |
| The liver produces and secretes ___ | Bile |
| The liver stores and releases | Glucose |
| The liver produces ___ involved in blood coagulation | Proteins |
| The liver ___ absorbed productions of digestion (such as carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and iron) | Stores |
| The liver ___ poisons to make them less toxic and more easily eliminated from the body | Detoxifies |
| The 4 liver lobes are | 1. Left 2. Right 3. Caudate 4. Quadate |
| This part of the liver separates lobes; anchors liver to abdominal wall | Falciform ligament |
| Hepatic Artery | Oxygenated blood from left side of heart to liver is delivered thru the |
| Hepatic portal vein | Deoxy nutrient-rich blood from digestive system coming to liver for cleaning comes from the |
| Hepatic Vein | Deoxygenated blood from liver to R side of heart |
| Liver cells which are arranged into lobules | Hepatocytes |
| Lobules are | 1. Hexagonal-shaped functional unit of the liver 2. Drained by a venule in its center, called a central vein |
| The Hepatic Portal Triad: | Arteriole – branch of the hepatic artery entering the liver Venule – branch of the hepatic portal vein entering the liver Canaliculus – branch of the bile duct leaving the liver. |
| The ___ ___ ___ also contains lymphatic vessels and vagus nerve (parasympathetic) fibers | Hepatic Portal Triad |
| Nutrient-rich, oxygen poor blood enters lobule via small branch of the | Hepatic portal vein - Each lobule receives nutrient-rich venous blood from the intestines |
| Oxygen rich blood enters via small branch of the | Hepatic Artery - Each lobule receives oxygenated blood from the celiac trunk |
| What cells phagocytize bacteria, dead RBCs, debris out | Kupffer Cells |
| What carries the processed blood to hepatic vein then IVC? | Central Vein |
| Are like spongy filter drain between tall rows of hepatic cellular plates (apartments full of hepatocytes facing the ‘open yard’ of a sinusoid) | Sinusoids |
| Sinusoids drain into the | Central Vein |
| Hepatocytes work with these 4 things | Proteins Add albumin, fibrinogen, and clotting factors (prothrombin) Carbs Fatty acid formation from carbohydrates Gluconeogenesis Lipids Synthesize bile salts from oxidation of cholesterol Detoxification Remove toxins, drugs, hormones |
| Bile ___ large fat droplets in the ___ so pancreatic ___ can break fat down further | Emulsifies (breaks down) Duodenum Lipase |
| ___ breaks small fat droplets (micelles) into free fatty acids and monoglycerides, which can pass through brush border of enterocytes | Pancreatic lipase |
| Fats absorbed into lacteals of ___. | ilieum |
| ___ helps remove bilirubin from broken down RBCs | Bile function |
| Bile function is necessary because it allows ___ to bind ___. | Proteins Ca+ |
| Bile function is necessary for vitamin ___ release from food so the liver can make ___ ___. | K1 Clotting factors |
| The Pathway of Bile from Liver to Duodenum: | 1. Liver secretes bile thru L/R hepatic Ducts 2. When its needed it flows down to duodenum thru the common bile duct 3. Overflow bile travels up cystic duct and is held in the gallbladder CCK |
| The Pancreas is located | Behind the stomach |
| Pancreatic islets of Langerhans secrete | 1. Insulin 2. Glucagon |
| Pancreatic Juice is an ___ function | Exocrine |
| Acinar cells of the pancreas secrete | digestive enzymes |
| Epithelial cells of the pancreas secrete | bicarbonate to neutralize HCl chyme |
| The pancreas joins the common bile duct at ___ and enter the ___ via the ___ ___ ___. | Ampulla Duodenum sphincter of Oddi |
| Chemical digestion takes place in these 3 places: | 1. Mouth 2. Stomach 3. Small intestine |
| Absorption takes place in the ___ intestine. | Small |
| Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates (Starch) in mouth, salivary glands secrete | Salivary Amylase |
| Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates (Starch) - The low PH of the stomach ___ the amylase | Inactivates |
| Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates (Starch) - In the duodenum chyme mixes with ___ ___ and resumes starch digestion | Pancreatic amylase |
| Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates (Starch) - Villi level of intestines, chyme sloshes against brush border so enzymes in microvilli can bind to sugars = | contact digestion |
| The final step of Chemical Digestion of Carbohydrates (Starch) | Glucose which is immediately absorbed |
| Chemical Digestion of Proteins - Peptide bonds must be ___ b/w amino acids | broken |
| Chemical Digestion of Proteins - ___ are used in the stomach and small intestine | Proteases |
| Chemical Digestion of Proteins - ___ in stomach hydrolyzes some peptide bonds | Pepsin |
| Chemical Digestion of Proteins - Pancreas releases ___ and ___ to resume bond breaking to proteins in the chyme as it is released into duodenum of small intestine | trypsin chymotrypsin |
| Chemical Digestion of Proteins - Villi level, brush border of microvilli has enzymes called ___ break remaining amino acid chains | peptidases |
| Chemical Digestion of Proteins - last step is | Amino acids are absorbed into bloodstream |
| Chemical Digestion of Fats - Enters duodenum as congealed mass of ___ | fat globules |
| Chemical Digestion of Fats - Must be | Emulsified |
| Chemical Digestion of Fats - ___ emulsify fat into small droplets | Bile salts |
| Chemical Digestion of Fats - ___ (main fat busting enzyme) works in duodenum. Fatty acids and glycerol result. | Pancreatic lipase |
| Chemical Digestion of Fats - Short chain f.a.’s and glycerol absorbed directly at ___ | brush border |
| Chemical Digestion of Fats - Long chain and monoglycerides are converted to triglycerides then enter___ and travel in ___ system to blood | lacteal of villi lymph |
| The amount of residue that must leave the small intestine | 500 ml daily |
| Water is reabsorbed at ___ intestine, leaving feces behind | Large |
| Haustra are ___ along large intestine where smooth mm tone increased | Pouches |
| Contractions of ___ move waste along every 30 min. (mass movement) | haustra |
| What is the blockage of fecal material in appendix called; must be removed stat | Appendicitis |
| 3 Vitamins produced in the Large Intestine | 1. Vitamin K12 (fat soluble) 2. Biotin (water soluble) 3. Vitamin B5 (water soluble) |
| Vitamin K2 (fat soluble) | Can be converted from K1 into K2 by intestinal microbiota Also occurs in testes, pancreas, and arterial cell walls |
| Biotin (water soluble) | Important in glucose metabolism |
| Vitamin B5 (water soluble) | Required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters |
| Large Intestine Pathway | 1. Ileocecal valve 2. Ascending Colon 3. Transverse Colon 4. Decending Colon 5. Sigmoid Colon 6. Rectum 7. Anal Canal |
| Ileocecal valve | Ileocecal valve and blind pouch called the cecum Appendix (vermiform means worm-like) |
| Ascending colon | to right hepatic flexure |
| Transverse Colon | to left hepatic flexure |
| Descending Colon | down left side of abdominal cavity |
| Sigmoid | is S-shaped down to rectum |
| Rectum | is last 7-8”; has folds called anal columns |
| Anal Canal | opens to anus; internal and external anal sphincters Internal is involuntary; external sphincter is voluntary |
Created by:
Sambucci4