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sources of variation

as part of 91157 meiosis, mutation, sexual reproduction

TermDefinition
Allele a version of a gene due to a change in the DNA base sequence
allele frequency the proportion of an allele in a population
population all members of a species in particular area at a set point in time
crossing over occurs during meiosis where non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair exchange alleles.
meiosis cell division that produces 4 genetically unique haploid gametes (sex cells)
gamete sex cell: sperm, egg, ovule, pollen, that contains one set of chromosomes
haploid a cell that contains only one set of chromosomes e.g. in humans the sex cell have a haploid set of 23 unpaired chromosomes.
diploid a somatic (body cell) that contains two complete sets of paired chromosomes e.g. humans have 46 chromosomes in their somatic cells, 23 from mum and 23 from dad.
somatic cell body cell
gene sequence of DNA that codes for a trait/protein
Chromosome How DNA is stored in the Nucleus, contains many genes in specific locations.
gene pool all the alleles in a population
genetic variation/ genetic diversity The range of different alleles and allele combinations in a population/gene pool.
heritable can be passed on to the next generation via sexual reproduction
independent assortment when homologous pairs of chromosomes line up during meiosis, they do so randomly on either side of the middle.
homologous pair a pair of chromosomes with the same genes in the same location. Can have different versions of the genes (alleles).
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid. A polymer of nucleotides A, T, C, G. The order of the nucleotides provides the instructions for all traits.
Locus The location of a gene on a chromosome
Mutagen An agent that can induce or increase the frequency of mutations e.g. UV, chemicals.
Mutation A permanent change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene
Trait A genetically determined feature or condition
segregation separation of homologous chromosomes, it is random which allele for a gene ends up in the gamete (unlinked genes)
Sister chromatid After DNA replication, each chromosome has two copies joined together, each copy is a sister chromatid.
Fertilisation where the male and female gamete fuse to produce a zygote
zygote the first cell formed after fertilisation
variation due to independent assortment mixes the maternal and paternal chromosomes making the gametes unique (unlinked genes)
variation due to crossing over provides new allele combinations not seen in the parents (separates linked genes)
variation due to segregation Makes gametes haploid AND it is random which allele from a homologous pair end up in the gametes making them unique
variation due to fertilisation Because each gamete is unique, the zygote formed is genetically unique.
Created by: NZARoberts
 

 



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