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Nuclear & Particles
Nuclear and particle physics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the structure of the atom | An atom has a central nucleus with a electrons orbiting in shells |
| What are the relative charges of subatomic particles | Proton=+1 Neutron=0 Electron=-1 |
| What are the relative masses of subatomic particles | Proton=1 Neutron=1 Electron=1/1800 |
| How can you estimate the relative mass of an atom | Sum of protons and neutrons |
| Define specific charge | The ratio of a particles charge to its mass |
| What are the charges of subatomic particles in coulombs | Proton=+1.60x10^-19 Neutron=0 Electron=-1.60x10^-19 |
| What are the masses of subatomic particles in kg | Proton=1.67x10-19 Neutron=1.67x10-19 Electron=5.56x10-34 |
| What is the equation for specific charge | Specific charge=charge/mass |
| How do you calculate the specific charge of a nucleus | -Nucleon number x nucleon mass = mass -Proton number x charge of proton = charge -Calculate specific charge using the equation |
| How do you calculate the specific charge of an ion | -Nucleon number x nucleon mass = mass -Charge of ion x charge of proton = charge -Calculate specific charge using the equation |
| Define isotope | An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| Explain carbon dating | -The % of carbon 14 is living organisms is roughly the same -When these organisms die the carbon 14 atoms decay -The isotopic data can be used to find the % of carbon 14 left in the organism -This will give them an insight into the age of the organism |
| Describe the strong nuclear force | -It holds atoms together -It is 100 times stronger than electrostatic repulsion -It has a short range reaching only from nuclei to their adjacent neighbours. -It is responsible for the stability of nuclei |
| What are the 4 fundamental forces | -Strong nuclear force -Weak nuclear force -Electrostatic force -Gravity |
| How does the strong nuclear force vary with distance | -At distances of less than 0.5fm the SNF causes nucleons to repel strongly -At about 1.5fm the SNF is strongly attractive and balances the electrostatic force -Beyond 3fm the SNF drops rapidly and can't hold the nucleus in place |
| How does and excess of protons or neutrons disrupt the balance | By disrupting the binding energy of the strong nuclear force |
| Describe alpha particles | -Two protons and two neutrons -Highly ionising (due to high mass) -Only happens in atoms with with more than 82 protons -Short range in air -Easily absorbed by a thin sheet of paper |
| Describe beta- particles | -High v e- -A neutron is converted to proton, electron & antineutrino -Releases anti-neutrino; carries away energy & momentum -+ range than alpha (several metres in air) -Only in neutron rich isotopes - - ionising than α -Stopped by several mm of Al |
| Describe gamma particles | -The surplus energy after alpha or beta given off as EM radiation -Massless, uncharged -Travels at the speed of light -Weakly ionising -Stopped by thick lead |
| Name three methods of radiation detection | -Spark counter -Cloud chamber -Geiger muller tube |
| Explain the discovery of the neutrino | -After beta decay the energy in the nucleus was too low -Either conservation of energy was wrong or there was an undiscovered particle -Wolfgang Pauli, proposed the existence of neutrinos -They were observed 150 years later |
| What is Einstein's equation | E=mc^2 |
| What are the similarities between antiparticles and their corresponding particles | -Same rest mass and minimum energy -Opposite charges |
| What are the rest energies of subatomic particles | Proton/Antiproton-938Mev Neutron/Antineutron-939Mev Electron/Positron-0.51Mev Neutrino/Antineutron-0Mev |
| How many joules are in one Ev | 1.6x10^-19J |
| What are the equations for energy of a photon | E=hf E=hc/λ |
Created by:
Liam P
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