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BIO151
Chapter 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The walls of the arteries and veins are composed of 3 layers called tunics. List these tunics starting with the innermost layer | Tunica Interna Tunica Media Tunica Externa |
| What acts as a selectively permeable barrier to materials moving between the capillaries and the interstitial fluid? | Endothelium |
| Classes of arteries from largest to smallest | Conducting Distributing Resistance |
| In arteries and veins the tunica ____ is usually the thickest layer of the vessel wall | Media |
| Which type of artery is the largest? | Conducting |
| True/False: Arteriosclerosis(stiffening of arteries with age) increase the risk of aneurysms. | True |
| What term refers to the small blood vessels that nourish the walls of larger vessels? | Vassa Vasorum |
| Arteries that are muscular or medium sized and deliver blood to specific organs are called ____ arteries | Distributing |
| What is another name for conducting arteries? | Elastic |
| Why is it important for conducting arteries to maintain elasticity? | Their expansion reduces systolic stress on smaller arteries, their expansion and recoil helps keep the blood flowing during diastole, and their recoil helps maintain blood pressure between heartbeats |
| What term refers to a weak, bulging point in the wall of a heart of a chamber or blood vessels? | Aneurysm |
| The brachial, femoral, renal and splenic arteries are examples of ____ arteries. | Distributing |
| Arterioles are the smallest of which type of artery? | Resistance |
| Which term refers to short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries? | Metarterioles |
| What is the function of the arterial sense organs? | Monitor BP and blood chemistry |
| Arteries that are usually too small to be given individual names belong to which group? | Resistance |
| Sensory signals travel from the aortic bodies to the brainstem via which cranial nerve? | Vagus Nerve |
| Short vessels called _____ link arterioles to capillaries or provide shortcuts that bypass the capillaries. | Metarterioles |
| Receptors in the carotid bodies that monitor Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and pH levels are examples of what sensor? | Chemoreceptors |
| Arterial sense organs monitor blood chemistry and blood pressure in order to help regulate what? | RR & HR |
| What are the functions of aortic bodies? | Monitor blood chemistry to help regulate the RR |
| Why are capillaries sometimes called the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system? | Most exchange between the blood and the tissue fluid occurs across the capillary walls. |
| What term refers to the mechanoreceptors in the carotid sinuses that monitor blood pressure? | Baroreceptors |
| What term refers to the arterioles , capillaries and venules? | Microvasculature |
| Sensory signals travel from the carotid bodies to the brainstem via which cranial nerve? | Glossopharyngeal Nerve |
| What are chemoreceptors that are located in the aortic arch? | Aortic Bodies |
| The capillary wall consists of what layers? | plasmaendothelial interface, endothelium, basal lamina, and adventia |
| Where does most of the exchange of nutrients, wastes and hormones between the blood and body fluids occur? | Capillaries |
| What term refers to the non-cellular, proteinaceous material that surrounds the capillary and endothelium and separate it from the adjacent connective tissue? | Basil Lamina |
| True/False: The diameter of some capillaries is even smaller than the diameter of red blood cell | True |
| What may regulate blood flow through the capillaries and contribute to vessel growth and repair? | Pericytes |
| Which capillaries have filtration pores that allow small molecules to pass through their endothelial cells? | Fenestrated |
| The basal ____ in the non-cellular, proteinaceous material that surrounds the capillary endothelium and separates it from adjacent connective tissue. | lamina |
| What term refers to the irregular blood filled spaces in the liver, bone marrow, spleen and some other organs? | Sinusoids |
| Capillaries in order from least permeable to the most permeable? | Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids |
| Capillaries are organized into networks called _____ ___? | Capillary beds |
| Blood flow into the capillary beds is regulated by what? | Precapillary sphincters |
| In continuous capillaries, cells called ____ contribute to vessel growth and repair retaining the ability to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells | Preicytes |
| What type of capillary is especially important in organs that engage in the rapid absorption or filtration of small molecules, such as the intestine and kidney? | Fenestrated |
| Newly formed blood cells enter the circulation from the bone marrow and lymphatic organs by passing through the walls of _____. | Sinusoids |
| ______ venules receive blood from capillaries. | Postcapillary |
| What defines a capillary bed? | A network of capillaries supplied by a single arteriole or metartiole |
| Veins from smallest to largest | postcapillary venules muscular venules medium venules venous sinuses large veins |
| What venule receives blood from the postcapillary venules? | muscular |
| What ensures one-way flow in veins? | valves |
| Blood vessel referred to as capacitance vessels | veins |
| Which type of vessel receives blood from capillaries directly or by the way of the distal ends of the thoroghfare channels? | Post capillary venules |
| The venae cava, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins and renal veins are part of what? | The large veins |
| What is the smallest type of vein? | Post capillary |
| Veins that have become permantely distended and convoluted due to a loss of competence of the venous valves are known as | varicose veins |
| Which term refers to a circulatory route in which blood flows from an artery directly into a vein thereby passing the capillary? | Arteriovenous anastomosis |
| What does venous anastomoses provide? | alternate route of drainage from the organs |
| Where do portal systems occur? | Between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, kidneys, and between the intestines and liver |
| True/False: The femur has the greater blood flow but less perfusion than the ovary | True |
| ____ pressure is the maximum arterial blood pressure occurring during ventricular contraction | Systolic |
| What term refers to the low chronic resting blood pressure | HypOtension |
| A patient with a resting BP reading 150/95 has ___ | HypERtension |
| Subtracting the diastolic blood pressure from the systolic pressure calculates____ | pulse pressure |
| Severe hemorrhaging will decrease BP by doing what? | decreasing blood volume |
| Where is systolic pressure the highest? | Aorta |
| Increasing stiffness of the arteries(can happen with age) | arteriosclerosis |
| Peripheral resistance is directly affected by what? | Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius |
| What are the most significant factors which influence blood viscosity? | Albumin concentration and erythrocyte count |
| 120/80 BP is what | normal |
| 120/80 120 is the 80 is the | Systolic Diastolic |
| What is BP determined by? | Blood volume, cardiac output, and resistance to flow |
| Vasoconstriction primarily results from contraction of smooth muscles in the tunica___ | Media |
| As blood flows through the vessels, it encounters forces caused by several factors that impede its movement. This opposition to blood flow is called peripheral ____ . | Resistance |
| A 3-fold increase in the radius of a blood vessel will produce what? | an 81-fold increase flow |
| Anemia or hypoprotheinemia will ____ blood viscosity | decrease |
| Pressure and blood flow ____ as blood moves a greater distance through a vessel. | decrease |
| Blood flow is the fastest in what vessel? | Aorta |
| What type of blood vessel exerts the greatest control over peripheral resistance and blood flow? | Arterioles |
| What term refers to the mechanism that describes the ability of a tissue to adjust its own blood supply through vasomotion or angiogenesis? | AUTOregulation |
| During exercise, blood flow to muscles is rapidly increased by what? | Vasodilation |
| Vasoactive chemicals are substances that stimulate ___ | Vasomotion |
| What vessel is blood flow slowest in? | Capillaries |
| If a tissues blood supply is cut off for time and restored it exhibits reactive ___, a higher then normal level of blood flow | Hyperemia |
| The growth of new blood vessels is called | Angiogenesis |
| What part of the medulla oblongata exerts sympathetic control over blood vessels throughout the body? | Vasomotor center |
| Vasoreactive chemicals? | Histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinin |
| What is hypercapnia? | excess of CO2 in the blood |
| A thrombosis can cause ___ | ischemia |
| What hormones influence BP | Angiotensin II, Aldosterone, Epinephrine, ADH |
| Angiotensin II raises blood pressure by | vasoconstriction |
| Which hormone is called the salt retaining hormone? | Aldosterone |
| General insufficient blood flow to a tissue is called? | Ischemia |
| Hormone that is secreted by the heart and serves as an antagonist to aldoserone thereby reducing BP? | Natiretic peptides |
| Sympathetic responses to a drop in the perfusion of the brain | increased contratility force, increased HR, vasocontriction of arteries except those supplying the brain |
| Which hormone binds to adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels and raises blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction? | Epinepthrine |
| Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle and is responsible for enacting vasomotion? | Tunica Media |
| Which hormone is secreted by the heart and has a generalized vasodilator effect that helps to lower blood pressure? | Natriuretic peptide |
| Chemicals given off by the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include which of the following? | Carbon Dioxide Oxygen |
| What are the effects of antidiuretic hormone {ADH} | Vasoconstriction and water retention |
| Which hormones influence blood pressure? | Aldosterone Epinephrine Angiotensin II Antidiuretic Hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide |
| Which hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and bind to adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Vasomotion may lead to the rerouting of blood from one area of the body to another | False |
| Which ssubstances leave the blood by diffusing directly through the plasma membrane of endothelial cells? | Oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroid hormones |
| Capillary exchange is a two way movement of fluids and substances | True |
| Which hormone decreases blood pressure? | ANP |
| Lipid soluble substances diffuse easily through the plasma membrane, while lipid insoluble substances must use channel proteins | True |
| Which hormone binds to adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle of most blood vessels and raises blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction? | Epinephrine |
| Which can diffuse directly across the plasma membrane without the help of membrane channels, filtration pores, or intercellular clefts? | oxygen |
| Chemicals given off the systemic capillary blood to the perivascular tissues often include which of the following? | hormones Antibodies Oxygen Glucose |
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