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Stimulus Control
Mutliple sources
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Antecedent Stimulus Class | A set of stimuli that share a common relationship; all stimuli in an antecedent stimulus class EVOKE the SAME OPERANT BEHAVIOR, or ELICIT the same RESPONDENT behaviur |
| Arbitrary Stimulus Class | Antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do NOT resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect, such as bigger or under (i.e. eggs/ meat/ cheese = stimulus class of "source of protein") |
| Concept Formation | A complex example of a stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli |
| SD is a __________ stimulus that sets the occasion for ___________ of an operant. | controlling; reinforcement |
| Feature Stimulus Class | Stimuli that share common physical forms or structures (i.e. made of wood) or common relative relationships (i.e. bigger than, hotter than) |
| Matching-to- Sample | A procedure for investigating conditional relations and stimulus equivalence; a matching-to-sample trial begins with the participant making a response that presents or reveals the same stimulus |
| Reflexivity | A type of stimulus-to- stimulus relation in which the learner, without prior training, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus; A = A (i.e. picture of a tree = student selects the same picture of a tree) |
| Stimulus Control | A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behaviour is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus |
| Stimulus Delta | A stimulus in the presence of which a given behaviour has not produced reinforcement in the past; contrast with SD |
| Stimulus Discrimination Training | The conventional procedure requires one behaviour and two antecedent stimulus conditions; responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus condition, SD, and not in the presence in another stimulus (S-Delta) |
| Stimulus Equivalence | Emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following the reinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus relations |
| Stimulus Generalization | When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced in its presence; the same type of behaviour tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with controlling antecedent stimulus |
| Stimulus Generalization Gradient | A graphic depiction of the extent to which behaviour has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimuli |
| Symmetry | A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relationship in which the learner, without prior training, demonstrates the reversibility of matched sample and comparison stimuli (A = B; B = A); i.e. "car" - student picks picture of a car |
| Transitivity | A derived stimulus-to-stimulus relation that emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus relations; A=B, B= C, C = A); i.e. "car - picture of car - printed work C A R |
| A controlling stimulus (S) is said to ______ the _________ for reinforcement of an operant. | set; occasion |
| ____________ of an __________, in the sense that the response is more (or less) likely to occur when the stimulus is present. | alter; probability ; operant |
| A Stimulus class is | a set of stimuli that FUNCTION in the SAME WAY due to a SHARED RELATIONSHIP with reinforcement |
| Stimulus-response chain | a sequence of responses in which the completion of each response acts as 1) a discriminative stimulus for the next response int he sequence and 2) a conditioned reinforcer for the preceding response in the sequence |
| Consequence | a stimulus that follows a response |
| Stimulus Control II | is increasing the probability of a response through the presentation of an Sd or 2) decreasing the probability of a response through the presentation of an S-delta. |
| an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells | Stimulus (Michael) |
| Selection by consequences | All forms of (operant) behavior are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime. |
| Stimulus-stimulus pairing | Two stimuli are presented simultaneously, usually repeatedly for many trials. Often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus. |
| Three ways stimulus events be described? | Formally (by their physical features), temporally (by when they occur), and functionally (by their effects on behavior). |
| Behavior (Johnston & Pennypacker) | That portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment |
| What is the basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior? | The three term contingency: Antecedent, Behavior and Consequence. |
| The term for all of the behaviors a person can do or a set of behaviors relevant to a particular setting or task? | Repertoire |
| Operant behavior | Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control due to its consequences. A product of each person's history of interactions with the environment. |
| Discriminative stimulus | A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type were reinforced and in its absence were not. This stimulus then increases the momentary frequency of the behavior due to history of differential reinforcement. |
| Discriminated operant | 1. a response occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than others (Stimulus control). 2. A class of responses that are a function of classes of both antecedent and consequent stimuli. |
| Discriminated behavior: | is a behavior that is more likely to occur in the presence of the SD than in the presence of the S-delta in a discrimination-training procedure. |
| Discriminated Avoidance: | Avoidance behavior that is emitted as a function of a warning stimulus. For example, a dog stops barking when its owner shouts, "Shut up!" |
| Discriminated Extinction: | Low-rate operant behavior that occurs as a function of an S^. For example, the probability of putting coins in a vending machine with an "out of order" sign on it is very low. |
| If a behavior is under stimulus control, then behavior happens ___________ and the behavior _________________. | when the stimulus is present; doesn't happen when the stimulus is absent |
| How do we identify conceptual control? | 1.) The observer responds similarly to all stimuli in a stimulus class including novel stimuli (generalization). 2.) The observer does not respond that way to stimuli outside the class including novel stimuli, discrimination. |
| Stimulus dimensions | The physical properties of a stimulus |
| Symmetry | A=B so B=A |
| Transitivity | A=B, B=C, therefore A=C |
| Reflexivity | A=A |
| Prompt | A supplemental stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response. Like a hint. |
| Discrimination training process | Reinforcing or punishing a response in the presence of one stimulus and extinguishing it or allowing it to recover in the presence of another stimulus. |
| Pairing procedure | The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a reinforcer or aversive stimulus. The more immediate the pairing the better. |
| Value-altering principle under pairing. | The pairing procedure converts a neutral stimulus into a learned reinforcer or learned aversive stimulus. |
| Incidental teaching | The planned use of behavioral contingencies, differential reinforcement and discrimination training in the students everyday environment. |
| Punishment-based S-delta | No punishment contingency |
| Punishment-based SD | A stimulus in the presence of which a response will be punished. |
| What is occurring?The store you go to has a new open sign, not the open sign your used to. You show the same response to it. | Stimulus generalization |
| Stimulus Generalization | The tendency for an operant response to be emitted in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to an S^D |
| What is being trained? Repeatedly expose to green and red colors. Reinforce the child for saying Green to green but not green to red. | Stimulus Discrimination |
| S-delta, or an extinction stimulus is | a stimulus that SETS the OCCASION for NONREINFORCEMENT - or - EXTINCTION of an operant. |
| Generalization Gradient | depicts the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the SD and that vary along a continuum. Ex: Pigeons pecking a higher number of responses to the color orange as opposed to blue or purple. |
| Errorless discrimination training | a discrimination training procedure that minimizes the number of errors and reduces many of the adverse effects associated with discrimination training |
| Stimulus generalization reflects | a loose degree of stimulus control, whereas discrimination indicates a relatively tight degree of stimulus control |
| Stimulus control occurs when the rate, latency, duration, or amplitude of | a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus (Dinsmoor, 1995a, b). A stimulus acquires control only when responses emitted in the presence of that stimulus produce reinforcement. |
| Extinction of Stimulus Control | -Behavior is no longer reinforced when it occurs in specific circumstances (when specific antecedents present) |
| Punishment of Stimulus Control | Behavior is punished in specific circumstances ( when specific antecedents are present) |
| Contextual stimuli do not ________________ in any meaningful way that would influence behavior | change |
| What you do depends on the presence of __________________ stimuli (those in the presence of which responding is likely to be reinforced) | reinforce |
| When we have "stimulus control" over responding, this means that the response _____________________________ when the stimulus is presented | only happens |
| The S^d tells you that responding will be ______________________ | reinforced |
| The S delta tells you that the response will _____________________ | not be reinforced |
| The rat shows that it will press the lever, equally, regardless of the color which tells us that it's responding ___________________ under stimulus control | is not |
| This rat has shown that it will only press the lever when it's red and never press the lever when it's green-this illustrates ____________________________ | incorrect stimulus control |
| When we have _______________________________ over responding, this means that behavior will only occur in the presence of one stimulus | perfectly accurate stimulus control |
| When we study generalization, we change a ________ of the stimulus | feature |
| Generalization | a behavior will occur under a variety of conditions; a "looser" form of stimulus control |
| An SD is a | controlling stimulus that sets the occasion for reinforcement of an operant. Pigeon experiment, a red light signals the presentation of food for pecking a key. After some experience, the bird will immediately strike the key when it lights red. |
| What is the Green Light and the word WALK? A green traffic light and the word WALK set the occasion for pedestrians to cross a street. | an SD |
| Controlling stimuli set the occasion for _______, ________, or ________ of operant behavior. | reinforcement, extinction, or punishment |
| There are three kinds of controlling stimuli: | SD, S^, and Save |
| When your car is almost out of gas, a service station sign that says CLOSED is an ______. | S^ |
| A person you play tennis against and always lose to may become a ________ . | extinction stimulus for playing the game. (In the future you may play tennis with others but not with the person who always wins). |
| If a wife stops talking to her husband when he picks up the paper, picking up the paper might be a what? | S^ (he will not listen). |
| The simplest way to train a discrimination or differential response is to ______________________ . | reinforce an operant in one situation and withhold reinforcement in the other. |
| If a response is being extinguished it is never being what? | reinforced. |
| S-delta is also called? | extinction stimulus. |
| A researcher who continues to alter between a stimulus that responds as an Sd and a different stimulus that responds as an S^, can show? | stimulus control. |
| Stimulus control refers to a change in behavior that occurs when either an ______ or an ______ is presented. | SD; S^ |
| Under stimulus control, when an SD is presented, the probability of response _________; when an S^ is presented, the probability of response ________. | increases; decreases. |
| 1. An S^ sets the occasion upon which a response is reinforced. (a) sometimes (b) always (c) never (d) maybe | (c) never |
| An SD does not cause or elicit the appearance of a response the way a does. (a) UR (b) US (c) CS (d) CR | (b) US |
| In operant conditioning the antecedent stimulus paired with reinforcement is called an (a) S^ (b) S–R–S (c) SD (d) CS | (c) SD |
Created by:
kg81