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Apologia Chem M10

The Chemistry of Solutions

QuestionAnswer
solute substance being dissolved
solvent substance IN which the solute is being dissolved
solution created when a solute and a solvent are mixed together
The _____________________ ___________________ between opposite charges is the ONLY THING that holds IONIC COMPOUNDS together. They do not have chemical bonds. electronic attraction
Water is a __________________ covalent compound, meaning it has a FRACTIONAL positive charge on its hydrogen atoms & a FRACTIONAL negative charge on its oxygen atoms. polar
NON-POLAR covalent solids do NOT dissolve well in water because they have NO _________________ ________________ in them. electrical charges
POLAR covalent solids CAN dissolve in water because they possess ___________________________charges. fractional
Polar covalent molecules dissolve in water, but they do NOT split into smaller parts.
Ionic compounds dissolve by breaking apart into their individual ions.
Polar covalent compounds dissolve by separating each individual _________________________ from its neighbors. molecule
In the SOLID phase, the solvent molecules must be attracted to the solute molecules so STRONGLY that the solvent molecules can get BETWEEN the solute molecules (or ions) and pull them FAR APART from each other.
In the LIQUID phase, the solvent molecules need to be attracted to the solute molecules only a SMALL amount because the solvent does NOT need to separate the solute molecules VERY MUCH.
In the GAS phase, the solvent molecules must be attracted to the solute molecules enough to pull the solute molecules _____________________ to one another. closer
solubility the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent
saturated solution a solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved
precipitation the process by which a solute leaves a solution and turns back into its solid phase
The solubility of SOLID solutes usually ____________________ with INCREASING temperature. increases
The solubility of LIQUID solutes is NOT affected by temperature.
The solubility of GASES _____________________ with INCREASING temperature. decreases
Increasing pressure INCREASES the solubility of ____________. gases
Pressure does NOT affect the solubility of liquids or solids.
exothermic a process that LETS OUT heat
Most solids dissolve in an ____________________ manner; they must absorb energy to dissolve properly. endothermic
FORMULA for molality m = (# moles SOLUTE)/(#kg SOLVENT)
When calculating MOLALITY, we are concerned with ______________, not volume. mass
When calculating MOLALITY, we divide only by the mass of the __________________ - NOT by the mass of the solution. solvent
freezing point depression when a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the freezing point of the solution will be LOWER than that of the pure solvent
boiling point elevation when a solute is dissolved in a solvent, the boiling point of the solution will be HIGHER than that of the pure solvent
Kf freezing point depression constant
Kb boiling point elevation constant
i number of molecules or ions that a solute splits into when it dissolves
Created by: MrsHough
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