Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Midterm Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cultural landscape | The visible human imprint on the landscape |
| Absolute location | Precise location of a place, usually defined by latitude and longitude |
| Relative location | The location of place or attribute in reference to another place or attribute |
| Spatial approach to geography | “We need disciplines focused not only on particular phenomena (such as economics and sociology) but also on the perspectives of time (history) and place (geography)” — Kant |
| Sense of place | Infusing a place w meaning as a result of experiences in a place |
| 5 themes of geography | Location (the geographical position of ppl & things affecting what happens & why) human-environment interactions (the why of where) region ( concentrations of features in specific areas) place (a unique location) movement (mobility of goods ppl & ideas) |
| Reference map | Maps showing absolute location of places and geographical features |
| Dot map | Each dot represents an amount of something; lots of dots in an area means large concentration and less dots mean less concentration |
| Thematic map | A map that tells a story, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon using map symbols. |
| Generalized/Choropleth map | Thematic maps that help us see trends |
| Possibilism | Theory that humans, not environment, shape culture |
| Map projections | Mercator: oldest, distortion at poles, used to navigate Robinson: symmetrical, eye pleasing Peters: most correct for landmasses placement but looks elongated Planar: flat view from poles, show shortest distance over poles Azimuthal: equidistant from poles |
| Operational scale | The spatial extent of something |
| Map scale | The ratio of distance on a map compared to the distance on earth’s surface |
| Globalization | Processes heightening interactions, increasing interdependence, and deepening relations across country borders. |
| Formal region | Area of land with common cultural or physical traits. |
| Functional region | Area of land defined as sharing a common purpose in society. |
| Diffusion | Spread of an idea, innovation, or technology from its hearth to other people and places. |
| Distance decay | The further away something is from the hearth the less affected it will be by the trait |
| Site | Physical attributes of the location of a human settlement - for example, at the head of navigation of a river or at a certain elevation. |
| Situation | The position of a city or place relative to its surrounding environment or context |
| GIS | A system of computer hardware and software designed to show, analyze, and represent geographic data (data that have locations). |
| cultural ecology | Study of the historical interaction between humans and environment in a place, including ways humans have modified and adapted to environment. |
| Total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age. Replacement rate is a TFR of 2.1 |
| Gender | A culture’s assumptions between the differences between men and women: their ‘characters’, the roles they play in society, what they represent |
| Physiological density | The number of people per unit of arable land |
| * Arithmetic density | Number of people per unit area of land. To calculate: Divide the population of an area by the amount of land (in sq miles or sq km). |
| * Agricultural density | The amount of farmers per unit of arable land |
| 4 largest population clusters | East Asia, South Asia, Europe and East USA |
| Thomas malthus | Says that population grows faster than food supply food grows linearly population grows exponentially therefore population will outpace food supply causing famine and mass die-offs in the world population |
| Demographic equation | Births minus deaths plus net migration equals demographic equation |
| Demographic momentum | Even if birth rates drop to stationary levels population will continue to increase if there is a large amount of youth in the population |
| Demographic transition model (DTM) | Model suggesting that a country’s birth and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development, farming industrial and services |
| Doubling time | Time required for a population to double in size. |
| Population pyramid | Graphic representation of the age and sex components of a population and it can give lots of insight into a country’s economics and sociology |
| Natural increase | The difference between the number of births and deaths in a year. positive number if births exceed deaths and negative if deaths exceed births. does not include immigration and immigration |
| Population density | A country’s total population relative to land size |
| Infant mortality rate (IMR) | Probability per 1000 live births that a child will die before reaching age 1 year. |
| Types of movement*** | Cyclic: Done every year at the same time in the same place Periodic: Involves a longer period of time away from home Migration: changing permanent residence |
| Transhumance | Migration pattern in which livestock are led to highlands during summer months and lowlands during winter months to graze. |
| Refugees | Migrants who flee their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country. |
| Rural to urban migration | |
| Internal migration flows in the USA | E to W in early 1800s -1970s bc of lousiana purchase, S to N after civil war for African Americans, N to S when economy went factory to services in 1970s to now, & W to E for mostly Hispanics looking for easier-to-get job opportunities in the early 2000s |
| Immigration flows into the USA | 1st wave: source = Europe bc overpop, looking for jobs, religious persecution, land. US needs jobs bc industrial revolution so Europeans got them from 1820s til Great Depression. 2nd wave: CHECK PAPER CARD FOR THE REST |
| Gravity model | Urban geography model that mathematically predicts the degree of interaction and probability of migration (and other flows) between two places. |
| Ravenstein’s laws of migration | CHECK PAPER FLASHCARD |
| Chain migration | Permanent movement from one place to another that follows kinship links. For example, a group of migrants settles in a place and then communicates with family and friends at their former location to encourage migration along the same path. |
| Push factors | Circumstances a migrant considers when deciding to leave the home country. |
| Pull factors | Circumstances a migrant considers when deciding where to migrate |
| Folk culture | Small, homogenous population that is typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits that are passed down from generation to generation. |
| Local cultures | People who see themselves as a collective or a community, share experiences, customs, and traits, and work to preserve their traits and customs in a place. |
| Popular cultures | Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today’s changeable, urban-based, media-influenced, global society. |
| Historical culture hearths | Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Huang He Valley, Mesoamerica |
| Popular culture hearths | North America, Japan, Western Europe, South Korea, India |
| Stimulus diffusion | A process of diffusion where a trait meets a cultural barrier so it has to change in order to continue to diffuse |
| Contagious diffusion | Spread of an idea or innovation from one person or place to another person or place based on proximity |
| Hierarchical diffusion | Spread of an idea or innovation from one person or place to another person or place based on a hierarchy of most connected to least connected |
| Reverse-hierarchical diffusion | Spread of an idea or innovation from one person or place to another person or place based on a hierarchy of least connected to most connected |
| Relocation diffusion | Spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth by the act of people moving and taking the idea or innovation with them. |
| Material vs non material culture | Material: Physical aspects of culture, including art, tools, buildings, and clothing that are made by people. Nonmaterial: Non physical aspects of culture, including beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values that are defined by people. |
| Cultural appropriation | When one culture adopts customs and knowledge from another culture and uses them for its own benefit. |
| Cultural commodification | Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded. |
| Ethnic neighborhoods | Area within an urban area where a relatively large group of people from one ethnic group or local culture lives. Folk culture |
| Assimilation | When a minority group loses distinct cultural traits, such as dress, food, or speech, and adopts the customs of the dominant culture. Can happen voluntarily or by force. Authenticity |
| Acculturation | When a minority group loses distinct cultural traits, such as dress, food, or speech, and adopts the customs of the dominant culture. Can happen voluntarily or by force. |
| Time-space compression | Increasing connectedness between world cities from improved communication and transportation networks. |
| Reterritorialization | When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture. |
| Placelessness | Loss of uniqueness of a location so that one place looks like the next. |
| Cultural landscape convergence | Merging of cultural landscapes that happens with broad diffusion of landscape traits. |
| Ethnocentrism | Judging another culture by the standards of your own |
| Transculturation | A blending of cultures |
| Identity | How people make sense of themselves and how they see themselves at different scales. |
| Race | Social constructions of differences among humans based on skin color that have had profound consequences on rights and opportunities. |
| Invasion and succession | What an ethnic neighborhood slowly empties out, a new ethnic group of migrants move-in (invasion) to the point of the city being predominantly the second ethnic group (succession) |
| Language | A set of sounds and symbols that are used for communication |
| Dialects | Variants of a standard language along regional or ethic lines |
| Sound shifts | A slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or throughout a language family from the present backward toward its origin |
| Isoglass | A geographic boundary where linguistic features occur. |
| Indo-European Family | - most widespread bc colonization - prolly can from black sea area/ turkey thru one of three diffusion routes: conquest theory, agriculture theory, and dispersal hypothesis - high correlation between linguistic and political maps w/ few exceptions |
| Indo-European subgroups | Romance (comes from Latin): its languages have lots in common but not mutually comprehensible Germanic: its languages reflect expansion of people out of N to W&S Slavic: its languages developed one Slavic people left a Ukrainian base 2000 years ago |
| Lingua francas | Language used for trade or cultural interaction among people who speak different languages |
| Pidgin language | Combination of two or more languages in a simplified structure and vocabulary. |
| Creole language | A language that began as a pidgin language and was later adopted as the mother tongue of a people. |
| Centripetal forces | Those which bring people together to form bonds of unity |
| Centrifugal forces | Those which we pull people apart and create divisions in society |
| Basque language | Unique culture, not Spanish or French but it’s right in between them, speak Euskera, mostly related to Afro Asiatic family but it doesn’t fit into any language family |
| Official language | When the gov’t makes a law that requires the use of a language; the gov’t HAS TO use it |
| Monolingual states | Countries where almost everyone speaks the same language: Japan Uruguay Iceland Denmark Poland Lesotho Bangladesh |
| Toponyms types in US | Description, associative, commemorative, commendatory, incidents, possision, folk, manufactured, mistakes, shift |
| Toponyms | Place names |
| Linguistic diversity | Means there are many languages or lack of languages in an area Papúa New Guinea has 900 langs, largest number for a country Africa has 2000-3000 langs, largest number for continent |
| Most spoken languages | Of the whole world: #1 is Mandarin Chinese (918 million), then Spanish (480), English (379), Hindi (341), Bengali (228), Portuguese (221), Russian (154), Japanese (128) |
| Extinct languages | Languages without any native speakers |
Created by:
pl251521