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a and p 1
chapter 1-5 mid term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is the study of all forms of life | biology |
| studies the shapee, and structure of an organism's body and the relationship of one body part to another | anatomy |
| studies the function of each bpdy part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to forma complete living organism | physiology |
| is the syudy of a large and easily observable structures on an organism. done through disection and visable inspection with the naked eye | gross anatomy |
| refers to the use of microscope to enable one to see the minute details of organ parts | microscopic anatomy |
| is the study of the structure, function and development of cells that comprise the different body parts | CYTOLOGY |
| Which studies the tissues and organs that make up the ENTIRE body of an organism(CELLS | HISTOLOGY |
| studies the growth and development of an organism during its lifetime. | DELVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY |
| studies the formation of an organism from the fertilized egg to birth. | EMBRYOLOGY |
| is the study of the different body parts with animals with regards to similarities and difference to other animals in the animal kingdom | COMPARATIVE ANATOMY |
| is the study of the structure and function of various organs that comprise a particular organ system. | SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY |
| is the study of the integumentary system (hair, nails and skin) | DERMATOLOGY |
| is the study of the endocrine or hormonal system | ENDOCRINOLOGY |
| A human being in such a position is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, and the palms are forward | anatomical position |
| means front or in front of | ANTERIOR/VENTRAL |
| means back or in the back of | POSTERIOR/DORSAL |
| means skull or head end | Cranial |
| means tail end (maybe waist down) | Caudal |
| means upper or above another. | Superior |
| means lower or below another. | Inferior |
| signifies toward the midline or median plane of the body | Medial |
| means away from or toward the side of the body | Lateral |
| means toward the point of attachment | Proximal |
| means away from the point of attachment | Distal |
| implies on or near the surface of the body | Superficial |
| involves injuries to an internal organ such as the stomach | deep |
| divides the body into right and left parts. These are not equal parts | Sagittal Plane |
| means that the body is EQUALLY divided into right and left halves | midsagittal plane |
| is a vertical cut at RIGHT angles to the sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions | Coronal Plane |
| Is a horizontal cut that divides the body into upper and lower parts | Transverse |
| what cavity contains the brain and spinal cord | Dorsal cavity |
| divides the ventral cavity into two parts: upper thoracic and lower abdominopelvic cavities. | diaphragm |
| called the midiastinum. This lies between the lugs and extends from the sternum (breast bone) to the vertebrae of the back. | Thoracic Cavity |
| There are 6 organs located in the thoracic cavity what are they | EsophagusBronchiLungsTracheaThymus glandHeart |
| Abdominal Cavity contains 8 organs what are they | StomachLiverGallbladderPancreasSpleenSmall intestineAppendixPart of the large intestine |
| kidneys are close but behind the abdominal cavity in what cavity | retroabdominocavity |
| pelvic Cavity contains 5 organs what are they | Urinary BladderReproductive OrgansRectumThe remainder of the large intestineAppendix |
| what is the region located just under the ribs. | HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION |
| what REGION -is located just below the sternum (breast bone) | EPIGASTRIC |
| what REGION (middle) is located around the navel or umbilicus(Belly button) | UMBILICAL |
| what REGION- extend from anterior to posterior | RIGHT and LEFT LUMBAR |
| this REGION(lower) may also be referred to as the pelvic area | HYPERGASTRIC |
| this REGION- may also be called the left and right inguinal areas.*the appendix is located midway between the umbilicus and the iliac crest and the lower right quadrant (RLQ) | LEFT and RIGHT ILIAC REGION |
| what cavity contains The eyes, eye ball muscles, optic nerves and lacrimal (tear duct) | Orbital Cavity |
| what Cavity- contains the part that forms the nose | Nasal Cavity |
| what cavity encloses the teeth and tongue | Oral or Buccal |
| series of highly organized 7 related activities allow living organisms 2 live,grow,maintain themselves.THESE include movement,ingestion,digestion,transport, respiration,synthesis,assimilation,growth, secretion,excretion,regulation & reproduction | LIFE FUNCTIONS |
| the ability of the whole organism or a part of it to move | movement/muscle system |
| the process by which an organism takes in food | ingestion/digestive system |
| the breakdown of complex food molcules into simpler food molecules | digestion/digestive system |
| the movement of necessary substances to, into, and around cells and of cellular products and waste out of and away from cells | transport/circulatory system |
| the burning or oxidation of food molecules in a cell to release energy, water, and carbon dioxcide | respiration/respiratory system |
| combination od simple molecules into more complex molecules into living tissue for growth and self repair | synthesis/digestive system |
| the transformation of digested food molecules into living tissue for growth and self repair | assimilation/digestive system |
| enlargement of an organizm due to synthesis and assimilation, resulting in an increase in the number and size of its cells | growth/ skeletal system |
| formation and release of hormones from a cell or structure | secretion/endocrine system |
| removal of metabolic waste products from an organism | excretion/uninary system |
| the ability of an organism to respond to its environment so as to maintain a balanced state (homeostasis) | regulation/nervous system |
| the ability of an organism to produce offspring with similar characterics. | reproduction/reproductive system |
| grouped according to function. Shape, size, and structure. | tissue |
| Tissues in-turn form larger functional and structural units known as | organs |
| is the ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits. It is essential to survival | HOMEOSTASIS |
| what works on a negative feedback mechanism.If our body overheats the hypothalamus in the brain then signals r sent to various organs and we start to sweat. As the water it evaporates which is the cooling mechanism. | Homeostasis |
| Functional activities of cells that results in growth, repair energy release, use of food and secretions. | METABOLISM |
| what is the buildup of complex materials from simpler one such as food and oxygen. | Anabolism |
| what is the breakdown and changing of complex substances into simpler ones, with release of energy and carbon dioxide. | Catabolism |
| 1/100 (one/one-hundredth)= | centi |
| 1/1000 (one/one-thousandths) | milli |
| 1/1000000(one/one-millionth) | micro |
| 0.4 inchs = | 1 centimeter |
| 1 inch= | 2.5 centimeters |
| 1 ounce = | 1 gram |
| 2.2 pounds= | 1 kilogram |
| 1 kilogram= | 1000 grams |
| 0.5 grams= | 500 milligrams |
| 1.06 quarts = | 1 liter |
| 1000 milliliters= | 1 liter |
| 1 teaspoon= | 5 milliliters |
| 1 tablespoon = | 15 milliliters |
| 1 ounce= | 30 mililiters |
| is the study of the structure of matter and the composition of substances, there properties and there chemical reactions | Chemistry |
| The Study of the chemical reactions is called | BIOCHEMISTRY |
| what is anything that has weight (mass) & occupies space and in the form of solid, liquid, and gas. | matter |
| is the ability to do work or to put matter into motion | energy |
| is the energy stored in cells waiting to be released. EXAMPLE: laying in bed | Potential Energy |
| is the work of resulting in motion. EXAMPLE: getting out of bed | Kinetic Energy |
| what is the SMALLEST piece of an element. They are invisible to the human eye, & surround us & are part of our human structure. EXAMPLE : HYDROGEN | atom |
| what has a positive (+) electric charge | protons |
| what has no electric charge | neutrons |
| what has a negative (-) electric charge and arranged @ the nucleus in orbital zones or electron shells | Electrons |
| what make up the nucleus of an atom | Protons and Neutrons |
| what are specific element that has the SAME number of electrons | ISOTOPES |
| what are atoms that are alike and they combine to form the next stage | ELEMENTS |
| how many elements found naturally in our world. | 92 |
| are the smallest unit of a compound that still has the properties of the compound and the capability to lead its own stable and independent existence these are known as | molecules |
| these are when compounds are in a solution and act as if they have broken into individual pieces (ions) the elements of the compound are | Electrolytes |
| is made of the molecules that DO NOT contain the element carbon (c) EXAMPLE salt NACL | Inorganic |
| what is the most important inorganic compound to living organisms | water |
| makes up what % of our body weight. | 55-65 |
| what is found in living things and the products they make. These compounds ALWAYS contain the ELEMENT carbon, combines with HYDROGEN and other elements | Organic |
| are compounds that contain, Carbon (c), Hydrogen (h), and oxygen (o) | Carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates are divided into 3 groups what are they | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides,Polysaccharide |
| what sugars cannot be broken down any further | Monosaccharides |
| There are 4 types of monsaccharides what are they | GLUECOSE,FRUCTOSE,GALACTOSE,RIBOSE/ DEOXYRIBOSE |
| is known as the double sugar. It is formed from two monosaccharide molecules by chemical reaction called DEHYOLRATION SYNTHESIS. | Disaccharides |
| this is an important sugar. It is the main source of energy in cells. Sometimes referred to as blood sugar. It is carried by the bloodstream to individual cells and is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscles cells | GLUECOSE |
| the sweetest of the monosaccharides and is found in fruit, and honey | FRUCTOSE |
| are sugars found in ribonucleic acid (RNA) | RIBOSE/ DEOXYRIBOSE |
| THIS must be broken down by digestion where monosaccharides are absorbed and used by the body. | Disaccharides |
| A large number of carbohydrates found in or made by living organism and microbes are | polysaccharides |
| is found in grain products and root veggies such as potatoes | STARCH |
| WHAT is the main structural components of plant tissue | Cellulose |
| are molecules containing the elements, CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN | lipids |
| consist of glycerol and fatty acids,This is the most abundant in the body | Fats/Triglycerides |
| contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus. This can be found in cell membranes, the brain , and nervous tissues. | Phospholipids |
| are lipids that contain cholesterol. Cholesterol is essential in the structure of the semipermable membrane of the cells. It is necessary in manufacture of vitamin D and in the production of male and female hormones | Steroids |
| what is needed to make the adrenal hormone CORTISAL | Cholesterol |
| are organic compounds containing the elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and in most cases phosphors and sulfe | proteins |
| are specialized protein molecules found in all living cells. They help to control the various chemical reactions occurring in a cell so each reaction occurs at just the right moment and at the right space. energy for cells and assist in making new cells | Enzymes |
| ENZYMES provide energy for cells and assist in making new cellsBecause enzymes are capable of such activity they are known as | ORGANIC CATALYSTS |
| is a substance that when dissolved in water will ionize into a positively charge hydrogen ions (H*) and negative ions of some other element,is the presence of the HYDROGEN ions that gives sour taste | acid |
| or alkali is a substance that when dissolved in water, ionizes into negatively charged hydroxide (OH-) ions and positively charged ions of a metal. | bases |
| PH is a measurement of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution | PH scale |
| The membrane separates the cell from its external environment and from the neighboring cells. It also regulates the passage or transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of others | CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE |
| Is the most important ORGANELLE (LITTLE BODY) WITHIN THE CELL. | NUCLEUS |
| The DNA and protein are arranged in a loose and diffuse state called | CHROMATIN |
| When the cell is ready to divide, the chromatin condenses to form short, rodlike structures called | CHROMOSOMES |
| This membrane is a double-layered structure that has openings (pores) at regular intervals | NUCLEAR MEMBRANE |
| The outer layer of the nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cytoplasm and may have small round projections on it called | ribosomes |
| Is a clear, semi-fluid medium that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli within the nucleus. | NUCLEOPLASM |
| Is a sticky,semifluid material between the nucleus & cell membrane, called PLAMSA MEMBRANE,separates cell external environment & from neighboring cell regulates passage or transport of certain molecules into & out of cell, preventing passage of others. | CYTOPLASM |
| what stores the hereditary material DNA, which is passed on from one generation of cells to the next. | Chromosomes |
| is a small round body. It contains RIBOSOMES composed of ribonucleic acid and protein, The ribosomes can pass from the nucleolus through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. | NUCLEOLUS |
| aid in protein synthesis. They may exist freely in the cytoplasm, be in clusters called polyribosomes, or be attached to the walls of the endoplasmic reticulum | RIBOSOMES |
| are two cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus in a tiny round body called | CENTROSOME |
| Crisscrossing the cellular cytoplasm is a fine network of tubular structures called | ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
| has a role in cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs. | smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| Most of the cells energy comes from spherical or rod-shaped organelles called | MITOCHONDRIA |
| Because they supply the cells energy, mitochondria are also known as | the power house |
| These enzymes help to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins molecules into energy to be stored in the cell as | ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) |
| aka GOLGI BODIES or the GOLGI COMPLEX.is arrangement of layers of membrane resembling stack of pancakes stores & packages secretions for discharge from cell.The organelles r abundant in the cells of gastric glands,salivary glands and pancreatic glands. | GOLGI APPARATUS |
| R oval or spherical bodies in the cellular cytoplasm.They contain powerful digestive enzymes that digest proteins molecules. If it should rupture, as sometimes happen,it start digesting the cells proteins, causing to die 4 the reason,aka “SUICIDE BAGS” | LYSOSOMES |
| Membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes . These enzymes help digest fats and detoxify harmful substances. | PERIOXISOMES |
| Is the internal framework of the cell which consist of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. The filaments provides support for the cells; the microtubules are thought to aid in movement of substances through cytoplasm | CYTOSKELTON |
| Lg molecules as protein & lipids,cant pass through cell membrane will enter. then close & pinch away from the cell membrane forming a bubble or vacuole in cytoplasm.process by which cell forms to take lg molecules,is called pinocytosis or “CELL DRINKING | PINOCYTIC VEICLES |
| the process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete | MEIOSIS |
| Cell isdivided 2distinct processes 1st stage is division/nucleus/2nd stage division cytoplasm.essent is orderly series steps by which DNA in nucleus cell is =/to 2 daughter,or ident nuclei.cells dont reproduce sm rate. | MITOSIS |
| In this phase an animal cell undergoes all metabolic cellular activities to help in the maintenance of cell homeostasis. INTERPHASE occurs between nuclear divisions. During early interphase, an exact duplicate of each nuclear chromosome is made. | PHASE 1-INTERPHASE (RESTING STAGE) |
| what phase does the 2 of centrioles start to separate toward the opposite ends or pole of the cell.As the 2 pair of centriole migrate,an array of cytoplasmic microtubules form between them. nuclear membrane starts to dissolve and the nucleolus disappears. | PHASE 2-PROPHASE |
| what phse does the nuclear membrane has dissolved completely.The chromatid pairs arrange themselves in single file ,one chromatids pair per spindle fiber between two centrioles. The area where the chromatid pairs align is called the equatorial plate. | PHASE 3 – METAPHASE |
| what phase does the chromatid pairs separate and are pulled by the shortening spindle fibers toward the centrioles. Two chromatids of each replicated chromosome are now fully separated | PHASE 4-ANAPHASE |
| durning this phase the chromosomes migrate to the opposite poles of the cell. There they start to uncoil to become loosely arranged chromatin granules. | PHASE 5- TELOPHASE |
| is used interchangeably with the term “programmed cell death” or PCD. In a developing human embryo, the cells in the tissue between the fingers, toes initiate apoptosis so that finger, toes separate.is an orderly process by which cells intentionally die | apoptosis |
| may release harmful chemicals that damaged other cells. | necrosis |
| Cblueprint for each individual kind of protein is contained within a specific gene which resides in the DNA chain, cells produce proteins that are essential to life through a process called | PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
| Is a physical process whereby molecules of gases, liquids, or solid particles spread or scatter themselves evenly through a medium. When solid particles are dissolved within a fluid they are known as SOLUTES | DIFFUSION |
| Is the diffusion of water or any other solvent molecule through a selective permeable membrane. A SELECTIVE PERMEABLE MEMBRANE is any membrane through which solutes can diffuse, but others cannot. | OSMOSIS |
| Is the movement of solutes and water across a semi-permeable membrane, this results from some mechanical force,The solutes and water move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure to maintain homeostasis. | FILTERATION |
| process whereby molecules move across cell membrane from area of lower concentration against a concentration gradient, an area of higher concentration. process requires high energy chemical compound (ATP). ATP runs the cells machinery. | ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
| Or “cell eating” is quite similar to pinocytosis with an important difference. In the pinocytosis,substance engulfed by the cell membrane are in solution; however,substances engulfed are within particles.Human white blood cells undergo what | PHAGOCYTOSIS |
| Or “cell drinking” involves the formation of pinocytic vesivles which engulf large molecules in solution. The cell then ingest thee nutrient for its own use. | PINOCYTOSIS |
| Cells may decrease in size,is usually due aging or disease | atrophy |
| Cells also have the ability to change into another type of cell, called | metaplasia |
| is the change in cell structure with an uncontrolled growth pattern | NEOPLASIA |
| decreased blood flow to cellular structures,anoxia,lack of oxygen flow to cellular structures, commonly caused death in cells.Bacterial toxins or viruses can also result in cell death. Congenital defect (birth defects) alter cell structure. | HYPOXIA |
| Results when cell division does not occur in the usual pattern. If the pattern is interrupted by an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells. aka NEOPLASMS | TUMOR |
| may be used in the diagnosis of cancer. are normal substances found in the blood or tissue in small amounts. | Biomarkers |
| is the 2nd most common cause of death in the United States | cancer |
| protects body by covering internal & external surface.sm intestine absorb nutrients.glands R made up of this endocrine glands secrete hormones, mucous glands secrete mucus,& intestinal glands secrete enzymes, excretes sweat,is named according 2 structure. | Epithelial Tissue |
| connects organs and tissue. allows for movement and provides support for other types of tissues. | connectiv e tissue |
| Connective tissue is classified into 3 subgroups what are they? | Loose Connective TissueDense Connective TissueSpecialized Connective Tissue |
| contains cell material which has the ability to contract and move the body. | Muscle Tissue |
| contains cells that react to stimuli and conduct impulses. The nervous tissue controls and coordinates body activities, controls our emotions, and allows us to learn through the memory process. | Nervous Tissue |
| is formed putting two thin layers of tissue together. The cells may secrete fluid. | membrane |
| is a double-walled membrane that produces a watery fluid and lines closed body cavities | Serous Membranes |
| The outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity is known as | PARIETAL MEMBRANE |
| The part that covers the organs within is known as the | VICERAL MEMBRANE |
| is a protective response to an injury or irritant. | Inflammation |
| is a cut or incision on the skin where infection is not present. | clean wound |
| occurs in a large open wound with small or large tissue loss. | granulation |
| this causes the surface area to have a pebbly texture | granulation |
| what is Made up of the skin and its appendages, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands | Integumentary System |
| is the outermost covering is made of epithelial cells with no blood vessels present. | Epidermis |
| is this is true skin that is made of connective tissue and is vascular | Dermis |
| Comprise most of the epidermis and produce the protein keratin | Keratinocytes |
| Are the sensory receptors for touch | Merkel cells |
| Make up the protein melanin, which protects the skin against UV rays of the sun | Melanocytes |
| Are macrophages which are effective in the defense of the skin against microorganisms | Langerhans cells |
| Undergoes continuous cell division, and is the deepest layer. | Stratum germinativum |
| i. Is 8 to 10 cell layers thick. Contained in it are melanocytes, keratinocytes, and Langerhans cells. | Stratum spinosum |
| This is where the keratinazation process begins and the cells begin to die. | Stratum granulosum |
| Found only on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. Cells appear clear | Stratum lucidum |
| Composed of dead, flat, scalelike keratinized cells, which slough off daily. Complete cell turnover occurs every 28-30 days in young adults, 45-50 days in elderly adults. Slightly acidic, helps defense against harmful microorganisms. | Stratum corneum |
| produce two distinct classes of melanin | Melanocytes |
| melanin which is red to yellow in color | Pheomelanin |
| melanin which is dark brown to black | Eumelanin |
| Sensitive to heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure ,Touch receptors are closer to the epidermis, pressure receptors are deeper Blood vessels in the dermis aid in the regulation of body temperature to maintain homeostasis. | dermis or corium |
| This layer lies under the dermis and sometimes is called superficial fascia.this is not a true part of the integumentary systemConsists of loose connective tissue and contains about one half of the body’s stored fat | Subcutaneous or Hypodermal Layer |
| White nails mean | liver disease |
| Half of a nail is pink, half is white means | kidney disease |
| Nail bed is red means | heart condition |
| Yellow and thickening nails means | lung disease |
| Pale nail bed means | Anemia |
| Yellowish with a slight blush at the base means | diabetes |
| Bluish in color nails | hypoxia |
| what glands are distributed over the entire skin surface.Tubular with coiled base and a tubelike duct that extends to form a pore in the skinPerspiration is excreted through the pores | Sweat or sudoriferous |
| Skin is protected by a thick, oily substance known as sebum secreted .Sebum contains amino acids, lipids, salt, and ureaAlso lubricates the skin, keeping it soft and pliable | sebaceous glands |
| chronic and common disorder of the sebaceous glands.Acne is the most common form of this | Acne Vulgaris |
| an inflammation of the skin which may be nonspecific.ex…contact dermatitis | Dermatitis |
| an acute, or chronic, noncontagious inflammatory skin diseaseskin becomes dry, red, itchy, and scaly | Eczema |
| an acute, inflammatory, and contagious skin disease seen in babies and young childrencaused by the staphylococcus or streptococcus organismcharacterized by the appearance of vesicles that rupture and develop distinctyellow crusts. | Impetigo |
| contagious fungal infectionfungus infects the superficial skin layer and leads to skin eruptionsmost often contracted in public baths or showers | Athlete’s foot |
| a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by the development of dry redish,patches which r covered with silvery-white scales.• affects elbows, knees, shins, scalp, and lower back• ii. onsets may be triggered by stress, trauma, or infection | Psoriasis |
| what is a highly contagious fungal infection marked by raised, itchy, circular patches with crusts may appear upon the skin, scalp, and underneath the nails | Ringworm |
| is a skin condition recognized by the appearance of intensely itching wheals or welts, appear in clusters distributed over the entire body surfacewelts last 1-2 daysusually a response to an allergen | Urticaria, or hives |
| a bacterial infection of the hair follicles or sebaceous glands usually caused by staphylococcus organism. | boils |
| a common inflammatory disorder characterized by chronic redness and irritation to the face | Rosacea |
| a viral infection that is usually seen as a blister | Herpes |
| blisters around the mouth is calledd what | herpes simplex |
| blister in the genital area | genital herpes |
| (shingles)- skin eruptions | herpes zoster |
| large blister, fluid-filled area | bulla |
| flat area usually distinguished from its surrounding skin by its change in color | macule |
| elevated solid area, deeper and firmer than a papula, Greater than 10 mm acrossWart | nodule |
| discrete, pus-filled raised areaVarying in sizeAcne | pustule |
| a deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis that can bleed periodically and scarVaries in size | ulcer |
| solid abnormal mass of cells that may extend deep through cutaneous tissueLarger than 1-2cmBenign epidermal tumorBasal cell carcinoma | tumor |
| itchy, temporarily elevated area with an irregular shape formed as a result of localized skin edemaVaries in size | hives or incect bite |
| also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsoresPreventable & r primary concern of health care worker, Contant pressure against area causes a decrease in the blood supply and thus the tissue begins to decayClassified in stages according to their severity | Pressure Ulcers |
| what stage involves surface reddening, but the skin is unbroken | stage 1 |
| what stage characterized by blistered areas that are either broken or unbrokenTreatment- protect, clean the area and alleviate the pressure | stage 2 |
| what stage presents with skin breaks through all layers of skinPrimary site for infectionMedical treatment is necessary to treat and prevent infection and promote healing | stage 3 |
| what stage ulcers have an ulcerated area that extends through skin and involves underlying muscles, tendons, and bones.can produce a life-threatening situation, treatment is with surgical removal of necrotic or decayed area and antibiotics | stage 4 |
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