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Chemistry and Resp
Chemistry and Respiration Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inorganic | does not contain carbon and hydrogen together |
| Organic | must contain carbon and hydrogen together |
| Carbohydrates | contain C, H, O in a 2:1 ratio of H to O, made up of simple sugars, like fructose, provide the cells with energy |
| Proteins | contain C, H, O, N carboxyl and amine groups, made up of amino acids, found in meat, beans, plants, needed for the function of all life processes |
| Lipids | contain C, H, O made up of glycerol and fatty acids, oils, waxes, butter, used for back up energy, protection, and steroids |
| Nucleic Acids | contain C, H, O, N hold genetic information in them, building blocks are nucleotides |
| Hydrolysis | to break molecules from larger to smaller, starch breaks down to glucose, Lipids break down to glycerol and fatty acids, proteins break down to amino acids |
| Dehydration Synthesis | to make molecules, glucose is combined to form starch, glycerol and fatty acids combine to form lipids, amino acids combine to form proteins |
| Disaccharide | two sugar molecules together |
| Polysaccharide | many sugar molecules together |
| Enzyme | shape specific, can only do the job specific to their shape, need optimal pH and temperature to work, are needed for all reactions to occur |
| Catalyst | enzymes that speed up reactions |
| Enzyme-Substrate complex | lock and key fit, a specific enzyme can only work on a specific complex |
| Peptide | one amino acid |
| Dipeptide | two amino acids together |
| Peptide bond | bond that exists between amino acids, in between the carboxyl and amine groups |
| Carboxyl | COOH acid group |
| Amine | NH2 amine group |
| Aerobic Respiration | requires oxygen and glucose in order to make ATP, waste products are water and carbon dioxide, takes place in mitochondria |
| Anaerobic Respiration | does not require oxygen, glycolysis and fermentation are both forms |
| Glycolysis | makes 4 ATP, takes glucose and breaks it down to two pyruvic acids |
| Kreb's cycle | takes pyruvic acid and converts it into acetyl-CoA, this molecule is then changed to carbon, makes 2 ATP, cycle happens twice |
| Electron Transport Chain | sends electrons down a chain of proteins to ATP synthase which makes 32 ATP |
| NAD and FAD | electron carriers that supply energy to the parts of respiration |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate is the form of energy our bodies use |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | after glycolysis if oxygen isn't present, humans go through this, it makes 2 ATP, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and water, it causes muscle cramps and fatigue |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | after glycoloysis if oxygen isn't present, bacteria and yeast go through this, it makes 2 ATP, alcohol, carbon dioxide, and water, it creates beer and wine |
| Photosynthesis | water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide enter the chloroplast in order to be made into oxygen and glucose |
| Guard cells | open and close the stomates |
| Stomata | air spaces in the leaf that allow gas exchange to occur |
| `What occurs during the digestion of proteins | specific enzymes break down proteins into amino acids |
| A characteristic shared by all enzymes, hormones, and antibodies is that their function is determined by the | shape of their molecules |
| What happens to certain nutrient molecules after they pass into muscle cells | they are acted on by enzymes and release the energy they contain |
| What characteristics allows enzymes to function in a specific way | each enzyme has a characteristic shape |
| Catalyst | enzyme |
| In an ecosystem, what happens to the atoms of certain chemical elements such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen | they move into and out of living systems |
| Which substances are necessary for the synthesis of most materials in an organism | enzymes |
| Constant replacement and reshuffling of atoms within the human body | It is a normal characteristic of body chemistry |
| Iron is an important element in the human body because of it direct role in what | oxygen transport in the blood |
| The absorption of iron by the intestinal lining can be considered an example of what | homeostasis |
| The function of ferritin in the body was most likely determined by studies involving what | use of radioactive iron |
| The energy an organism requires to transport materials and eliminate wastes is obtained directly from what | ATP |
| The normal sodiu level in human blood is 135mEq/L. If a blood test taken immediately after a meal reveals a sodium level of 150mEq/L, what will most likely result? | An adjustment within the human body will be made to restore homestasis |
| Which disease damages the human immune system, leaving the body open to certain infectious agents | AIDS |
| What usually results when an organism fails to maintain homeostasis? | The organism becomes ill or may die |
| Activites that are a response of human white blood cells to pathogens | Engulfing and destroying bacteria, producing antibodies and Identifying invaders for destruction |
| In some individuals, the immune system attacks substances such as grass pollen that are usually harmless, resulting in what? | An allergic reaction |
| If a human system fails to function properly, what is the most likely result? | a disturbance in homeostasis |
| What best describes cellular respiration (a process that occurs continuously in the cells of organisms) | changing of stored chemical energy in food molecules to a form usable by organisms |
| What are characteristics of antibodies? | They are produced by the body in response to the presence of foreign substances, may be produced in response to an antigen and may be produced by white blood cells |
| Eating a sweet potato provides energy for human metabolic processes. The original source of this energy is the energy which is | made available by photosynthesis |
| Which substance may form in the human body due to invaders entering the blood? | Antibodies |
| Immune response | It usually involves the recognition and destruction of pathogens. |
| Feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas | the level of sugar in the blood is affected by the amount of insulin in the blood |
| The energy found in ATP molecules synthesized in animal cells comes directly from what? | Organic Molecules |
| How carbohydrates provide energy for life functions | during respiration the energy that is held in carbohydrate bonds is transferred to ATP molecules where if can be released to provide the energy needed for life functions |
Created by:
keira delaney