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SOL Review-General
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What shaped how early human societies lived their lives? | physical environment |
| On what continent did the first forms of man evolve? | Africa |
| What form of early man emerged about 100,000 to 400,000 years ago? | homo sapiens |
| Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to where? (3 places) | Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas |
| How did early man gain his food? | hunting and gathering |
| Early man was dependent on the availability of what? | wild plants and animals |
| Early man was able to overcome his physical environment because he developed what? | culture |
| Name 2 characteristics of hunter-gather societies. | nomadic and lived in clans |
| Name 4 things which developed during the Old Stone Age? | simple tools, fire, oral language, and cave art |
| What is another name for the Old Stone Age? | Paleolithic Era |
| A person who migrates in search of food, water, and shelter is a _____. | nomad |
| Name 5 things which developed during the New Stone Age. | agriculture, domestication of animals, advanced tools, made pottery, and developed weaving skills |
| What is another name for the New Stone Age? | Neolithic Era |
| What effect did agriculture have on how early man lived? | rise of settle communities |
| What does radiocarbon dating do? | tells the age of a fossil or artifact |
| What is an artifact? | a man-made object |
| Who studies past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts? | archaeologist |
| What archaeological site in England was built during the Neolithic Era and Bronze Age? | Stonehenge |
| What did river valleys provide for early civilizations? (2) | rich soil for crops and protection from invasion |
| The area located from the Mediterranean coast to Mesopotamia is called what? | Fertile Crescent |
| Egypt is located next to what river? | Nile River |
| What area is located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? | Mesopotamia |
| What river valley was located in India? | Indus River |
| On what river was China's river civilization located? | Huang He River (Yellow River) |
| The Nile River is located on what continent? | Africa |
| On what continent is Mesopotamia located? | Asia (southwest) |
| Where did the first civilizations develop? | on rivers |
| Who settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley? | Hebrews |
| What group settled along the eastern Mediterranean coast? | Phoenicians |
| What civilization was located on the Upper Nile River? | Nubia (Kush) |
| Where were the "cradles of civilization" located? | river valleys |
| Who ruled Egypt? | pharaohs |
| How did rulers in the river valleys gain power? | hereditary |
| What is a dynasty? | family of hereditary rulers |
| True or false: most river valley civilizations had a rigid class system | true |
| What was accepted in most river valley civilizations? | slavery |
| The government of early Mesopotamian civilizations often had a centralized government based on what? | religious authority (theocracy) |
| Name the two written law codes of the fertile crescent. | Ten Commandments and Hammurabi's Code |
| What is an empire? | region of land ruled by an emperor |
| What is a city-state? | a city that with its surrounding land made up an independent state |
| What was the first metal used to make weapons? | copper |
| What metal was combined with copper to make bronze? | tin |
| What metal replaced bronze in the making of weapons? | iron |
| What group traded throughout the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East? | Phoenicia |
| People who specialized in a specific job were called what? | artisans |
| What type of religion did most people of the Fertile Crescent practice? | polytheism |
| What was the oldest form of religion? | animism |
| What TYPE of religion did the Hebrews follow? | monotheism |
| Judaism is the foundation of what two other religions? | Christianity and Islam |
| Which civilization was the first to follow one god? | Hebrews |
| What was the religion of the Hebrews? | Judaism |
| What is the holy city of the Hebrews? | Jerusalem |
| What states the proper moral and religious conduct for Hebrews? | Ten Commandments |
| What is the written record and beliefs (holy writing) of the Hebrews? | Torah |
| What is the belief in one god? | monotheism |
| The Hebrews were captured and taken to Babylon. What was this called? | Babylonian Captivity |
| The Hebrews were forced to leave Canaan and spread to other areas. What was this called? | diaspora (exile) |
| What civilization developed the alphabet? | Phoenicia |
| What civilization created cuneiform? | Sumer |
| What are the two types of writing systems? | pictogram and alphabet |
| How did the Persians treat people they conquered? | with tolerance |
| What is a bureaucracy? | government that is divided up and led by local leaders who report to a main leader |
| What religion did the Persians follow? | Zoroastrianism |
| What type of government did the Persians use to govern their empire? | imperial bureaucracy |
| What did the Persians do to improve trade and communication within their empire? | built the Royal Road |
| Which group had the largest empire in the ancient world before Alexander the Great? | Persians |
| What was the second river valley in India? | Ganges |
| Who invaded and conquered the original Indus River Valley civilization? | Indo-Aryans |
| What was India's rigidly structured social system based on occupation? | caste system |
| Name 3 geographic barriers which made invading India difficult? | Himalayas, Hindu Kush, and Indian Ocean (Indus River and Ganges River) |
| What mountains are to the northwest of India? | Hindu Kush |
| What mountains are to the northeast of India? | Himalayas |
| Through what mountain range did the Aryans reach India? | Hindu Kush |
| What are the 2 main rivers on the Indian subcontinent? | Indus and Ganges |
| During what empire was India's Golden Age of culture? | Gupta |
| What was the religion of classical India? | Hinduism |
| What religion believes in one major deity who takes many forms? | Hinduism |
| Future reincarnation based on present behavior is what? | karma |
| What are the sacred writings of Hinduism? | Vedas and Upanishads |
| What is the main form of the god of Hinduism? | Brahma |
| What religion did Siddhartha Gautama found? | Buddhism |
| Where was Buddhism founded? | Nepal (India) |
| What does a Buddhist have to do to gain enlightenment? | follow the Eightfold Path |
| Who was the first Buddha ("the enlightened one")? | Siddhartha Gautama |
| What are the basic beliefs of Buddhism called? | Four Noble Truths |
| What is another name for the Huang He? | Yellow River |
| What is the nickname for the Huang He? | River of Sorrows |
| Why was the Great Wall of China built? | to keep out invaders |
| What 2 religions did China contribute? | Confucianism and Taoism |
| Who united China and had the Great Wall built? | Qin Shi Huangdi |
| Chinese rulers served under the authority of what? | Mandate of Heaven |
| What does the Mandate of Heaven mean? | rulers of China could only rule as long as they were just |
| What connected China to cultures as far away as Rome? | Silk Road |
| People who worked for the bureaucracy of China were part of what? (they were trained for the jobs they had) | civil service system |
| What textile did China contribute to the world? | silk |
| What Chinese religion believes that humans are inherently good, not bad? | Confucianism |
| In what country do citizens respect their elders and worship their ancestors? | China |
| What symbol represents Taoism (and Confucianism) | Yin and Yang |
| What religion believes in a simple life, inner peace, and harmony with nature? | Taoism |
| Buddhism spread from India to ____ and then to the rest of Asia? | China |
| What 3 main religions are practiced in China? | Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism |
| The Hellenic (Hellenistic) civilization took place in what region? | Greece |
| What sea is located east of Greece? | Aegean Sea |
| What sea is located to the south of Greece? | Mediterranean |
| What strait leads through Constantinople to the Black Sea? | Bosporus |
| What area was located north of Greece and was home of Alexander the Great? | Macedonia |
| What were the two main city-states of Greece? | Athens and Sparta |
| Why was agriculture limited in ancient Greece? | limited arable land (mountains) |
| What geographic trait of ancient Greece led to the creation of separate city-states? | mountains |
| Why did the Greeks colonize the islands of the Aegean and Mediterranean? | overpopulation and the search for arable land |
| The Greeks practiced what kind of religion? | polytheistic |
| Who was the Greek king of the gods? Roman? | Zeus/Jupiter |
| Who was the Greek goddess of the hunt? Roman? | Artemis/Diana |
| Who was the Greek god of the sun, music, and poetry? Roman? | Apollo/Apollo |
| Who was the Greek goddess of wisdom and war? Roman? | Athena/Minerva |
| Who was the Greek goddess of marriage and motherhood? Roman? | Hera/Juno |
| Who was the Greek goddess of love and beauty? Roman? | Aphrodite/Venus |
| What city-state had the first democratic government? | Athens |
| Who were Greek citizens? | free adult males |
| What responsibility did Greek citizens have? | participate in government |
| What 3 groups had no political power in ancient Greece? | women, slaves, and foreigners |
| What kind of government was ruled by one family who inherited power? | dynasty (monarchy) |
| What kind of government was ruled by citizens who could vote? | democracy |
| Which Greek city-state had a militaristic and aggressive society? | Sparta |
| What Greek city-state had an oligarchy? | Sparta |
| What type of government is rule by a small group of people? | oligarchy |
| Which wars united Athens and Sparta against an external enemy? | Persian Wars |
| Name 2 battles of the Persian Wars (other than Thermopylae). | Marathon and Salamis |
| A result of the Persian War of the Greeks was the control of what sea? | Aegean |
| Which war came first--Peloponnesian or Persian? | Persian |
| What was the alliance headed by Athens? | Delian League |
| What was the alliance headed by Sparta? | Peloponnesian League |
| Who was Pericles | leader of Athens during its Golden Age; rebuilt Athens after the Persian Wars |
| What are the 3 types of Greek columns? | doric, ionic, and corinthian |
| What did all three American civilizations have in common? | religion (polytheism) |
| What two civilizations had the concept of zero? | Mayan and Indian |
| What two civilizations created a 365 day calendar? | Mayan and Egyptian |
| What are the Five Pillars of Islam? | faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage (Hajj) |
| What were the two sides of Islam after it split? | Sunni and Shi'a |
| What group took over Islam after the assassination of Ali? | Umayyads |
| What were the 6 causes of the fall of the Roman Empire? | geographic size, devaluation of currency (inflation), use of non-Romans in the military, moral decay (disease) , political conflict/weak leaders, invasion by Germanic tribes |
| How many Punic Wars were there? | three |
| What were the Punic Wars fought over? | control of the Mediterranean Sea (trade) |
| Who were the First Triumvirate? | Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey |
| Who were the Second Triumvirate? | Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus |
| Why was Julius Caesar assassinated? | gaining too much power |
| What religion began during the Roman Empire? | Christianity |
| While Europe was going through its Dark Ages, what Empire was going through a golden age? | Islam |
| After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, what system developed for protection? | feudalism |
| What institution survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire? | Catholic Church |
| What three things caused the fall of the Aztec Empire? | human sacrifices, invasion by Spanish conquistadors, and disease (smallpox) |
| How did the Black Death reach Europe? | trade routes |
| What animal spread the Black Death? | fleas |
| Why was Northern Italy so wealthy during the Renaissance? | located in important trade cities |
| What word means "rebirth"? | renaissance |
| What three countries were mainly involved in the Northern Renaissance? | England, Germany, and France |
| What institution was created in Europe for the first time during the Renaissance? | banks |
| What was the Renaissance term for interest on loans? | usury |
| What word means "less religious"? | secular |
| What is Japan located on? | archipelago |
| What religion did civilizations in Northern Africa convert to? | Islam |
| William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 with what battle? | Battle of Hastings |
| How long did the Hundred Years' War last? | 116 years |
| Which civilization first developed the use of iron weapons? | Hittites |
| What was the original name of the Babylonians? | Amorites |
| What desert created a natural barrier to invaders in China? | Gobi |
| What were the four main causes of the fall of the Roman Republic? | inflation, using slaves in agriculture, farmers moving to cities and causing unemployment to rise, civil war over Julius Caesar's power |
| Judaism, Christianity, and Islam trace themselves back to which individual? | Abraham |
| What was the capital city of the Hebrews? | Jerusalem |
| What was the capital city of the Islamic Empire? | Baghdad |
| What mountain range is located in northern Italy? | Alps |
| What mountain range is in South America? | Andes |
| Who was the Greek god of the sea? Roman? | Poseidon/Neptune |
| Who fought in the Punic Wars? | Rome and Carthage |
| What document in England limited the king's power? | Magna Carta |
| Which English king signed the Magna Carta? | King John |
| What was the only Western European country conquered by the Islamic Empire? | Spain |
| At what battle in France did the Franks defeat the Muslims? | Battle of Tours |
| Who was the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire? | Charlemagne |
| Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic church? | pope |
| Who is the leader of the Eastern Orthodox church? | patriarch |
| Who started the Crusades with his speech? | Pope Urban II |
| Who crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor? | Pope Leo III |
| What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire? | Constantinople |
| Whose evolution of government was this: monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy | Athens |
| Who was the first emperor of Rome? | Augustus Caesar |
| What were the 200 years after Augustus Caesar known as? | Pax Romana |
Created by:
lacie.holmes