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Medsurgical 2020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which patient statement indicates correct understanding about the management of Rheumatoid Arthritis | I have started taking YOGA class weekly |
| A patient with Osteoarthritis who is working as an office assistant asks the nurse what can be done to perform the job while managing their symptoms of OA, which responses from the nurse would benefit the patient? | Use a computer instead of writing by hand use voice or video recorder and transcribe when necessary sit up straight and make sure you have your office chair in a comfortable position. |
| Which questions should the nurse ask a patient with OA to determine comfort? | When your pain occurs, how long does it last? How would you rate your pain on scale of 0-10? What medications do you take to alleviate your arthritic pain? Does the arthritis prevent you from doing activities you enjoy? |
| Which teaching should the nurse provide to a patient with RA who has just started taking azathioprine? | Avoid people who are sick |
| A patient with OA reports doing a lot walking and is now experiencing increased knee pain. Which actions should the nurse recommend to this patient? | Use whirlpool on a daily basis Alternate application of ice and heat to the knee Take frequent rest periods with the knee elevated |
| Which manifestations would indicate that a patient is in late stage of RA? | Gel phenomenon Peripheral neuropathy |
| A patient diagnosed with OA would have which manifestations? | joint pain and stiffness Grating sensation with movement Nodes at the proximal interphalangeal joints |
| Which information should the nurse obtain when assessing an older adult patient who is taking multiple medications for osteoarthritis? | mental status list of medications Changes in arthritis symptoms |
| A patient with RA presents to the clinic for a routine check-up. The nurse notes that the patient may develop a disease exacerbation because of which assessment findings? | presence of rheumatic nodules extreme dryness of the eyes and mouth report of a demanding job with long hours new-onset paresthesias in the extremities |
| Even though not yet informed about which disorder is present, the nurse can expect the newly admitted patient to have which common clinical manifestations of autoimmune disorders? | complaints of fatigue exacerbations local inflammation aching muscles |
| The nurse is caring for a newly admitted patient with an exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Which interventions should the nurse perform? | collect frequent urine samples check patient for signs of hemorrhage monitor the patient's intake and output |
| A female patient presents to the primary care clinic with a reddened, raised rash over her nose and cheeks. The pt also complains about painful joints in her left hand. Which lab test would the nurse anticipate to confirm diagnosis. | ANTI-DNA antibody test Antiphospholipid antibody test ANA lab test |
| A patient with suspected SLE ask the nurse which symptoms of the disease are likely to occur. Which manifestations should the nurse include? | Blood in the urine Facial butterfly rash |
| Which plasma proteins and blood cells are affected by the autoimmune response in SLE | platelets, lymphocytes, clotting factors |
| The nurse is most concerned about administration of Psoralen to which patient? | A patient with alcohol-related liver disiease |
| A patient with skin cancer undergoing radiation therapy tells the nurse that she has become self-conscious about changes in her skin. What recommendations can the nurse make to the patient so she can avoid further skin damage? | wear a scarf on your head to protect your scalp find some activities that will help you reduce stress levels Use gentle non-irritating soaps when you wash your hands and bathe administer ondanestron recommend use of emollient |
| A patient underwent an excisional biopsy 3 days ago. The patient calls the clinic and reports a scant amount of bleeding and a little discomfort. What is the best action by the nurse. | Inform the patient that slight bleeding and discomfort are expected after excisional biopsy |
| Which nursing interventions are most appropriate for a patient receiving Psoralen therapy? | Provide skin moisturizers Administer ondansetron as ordered |
| The nurse teaches the patient the ABCDE's of skin self-examinations. Which statement by the patient demonstrates that teaching has been effective? | I should report any moles that are more than 1/4 inch in diameter to my health care provider |
| The nurse is caring for a patient diagnosed with melanoma. The nurse is aware that which areas are common sites for this cancer. | Back, scalp, trunk, lower legs |
| The nurse caring for a patient diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma knows that which patient findings are risk factors for development of skin cancer? | Inability to tan Celtic ancestry Infrequent use of sunscreen |
| A patient has been diagnosed with malignant melanoma. The health care provider orders adjuvant therapy after surgery for this patient. Which medication does the nurse anticipate administering to the patient? | Cisplatin |
| A patient diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma is being treated with radiation therapy. The patient is complaining of a sore mouth. Which nursing actions are appropriate? | Provide the patient with hard candies Encourage consumption of cool or cold foods Teach the patient to avoid eating meat and spicy foods |
| A patient with a new diagnosis of HIV infection begins receiving antiretroviral therapy. Which finding indicates the patient is having complications related to the treatment regimen? | Weight loss |
| The nurse is caring for a patient who is HIV + and has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of community acquired pneumonia. Which intervention will prevent complications related to the patient's HIV infection? | Administer Antiretroviral drugs on time |
| Which finding in the patient medical record indicates that the pt with HIV infection has developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Aids) | Onset of wasting syndrome |
| The student nurse is preparing a presentation regarding the sodium-potassium pump. Which statement should the student include in the presentation | ATP is required for the sodium-potassium pump to move sodium and potassium ions The pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. The pump moves three sodium ions for every two potassium ions |
| Which statement regarding electrolyte movement from one compartment to another should the nursing student include in a class presentation? | The movement of electrolytes is necessary to preserve their distribution. |
| A patient has developed a clot in a coronary artery and the heart muscle cells did not make enough ATP. When a nursing student ask, what should the nurse explain about the effect of poor ATP supply on electrolyte movement. | Active transport will be impaired, so the sodium-potassium pumps will not work normally. |
| What electrolyte provides normal electrical activity of the heart | Potassium |
| What electrolyte provides the building blocks for bones and teeth | Calcium |
| What electrolyte influences function of neuromuscular joints | Magnesium |
| What electrolyte incorporates into an energy source for cellular metabolism | Phosphate |
| Which elements should the nurse include when providing patient teaching regarding the primary functions of electrolytes within the body? | Transmitting nerve impulses Regulating acid-base balance Altering the action potential of nerve fibers maintaining fluid osmolality |
| The nurse is preparing to administer a blood product. The nurse will prime the IV tubing with at IV solution | 0.9 % normal saline |
| What are the nurse's responsibilities regarding IV fluid administration? | verify that the fluid is appropriate for the patient Evaluate the effectiveness of IV therapy Monitor the patient for complications of IV therapy Comply with the 6 rights of safe medication administration |
| The nurse is preparing to tally up patient's fluid intake at the end of the shift. Which substances should be included in the the fluid intake tally? | NG tube irrigation Enteral tube feedings Free water gastric tube flushes Intravenous medications |
| The nurse suspects that a patient receiving an IV infusion of Ds0.45% NS is developing intracellular dehydration and circulatory overload. The nurse is aware that this IV solution can cause these complications due to what tonicity? | It is a hypertonic solution |
| The nurse has received a "force fluids" order for a patient with a fluid volume deficit. Which actions taken by the nurse would be beneficial for meeting the patient's fluid replacement. | Ensuring the pitcher of water at the pt's bedside is refilled Providing ways to record intake of fluids to meet required levels Tapering off fluid intake so the least amount is ingested before bedtime. Reminding the patient to drink throughout the day |
| The nurse is tallying up a patient's intake and output at the end of the shift. Which patient related data entry of fluid output information of the EHR. | The Pt has NG tube attached to a wall suction The pt has a Foley Catheter in place The pt has a surgical wound drain in his abdomen |
| The nurse is monitoring a patient for a possible adverse effects while receiving a unit of blood. What common manifestation does the nurse assess the pt for? | Itching Hypotension Dyspnea fever |
| Blood has been ordered and the nurse is reviewing who must check and verify the blood. The verification is required by which people? | Personnel in the blood bank Nurse who pick up the blood from the blood bank Two nurses at the pt's bedside before initiating transfusion |
| Which patients would be possible candidates for blood or blood product administration? | A patient with missing clotting factors A patient with drug related destruction of RBC A patient with abdominal bleeding from trauma A patient who has had recent major surgery |
| The nurse is assigned to a patient who is to have central venous catheter inserted. What are the major used of this type of IV catheter. | Long term IV therapies short term Intensive therapies Hypertonic solutions |
| A PT with an IV crystalloid solution infusing reports to the nurse that IV site hurts. On examination of the site, notes localized redness and swelling and warm to touch. These signs and symptoms that may indicate what IV site complication? | Phlebitis Catheter related infection |
| O.45% Normal Saline | Hypotonic crystalloid |
| 5% Dextrose and water (D5W) | Isotonic Crystalloid |
| 5% Dextrose and 0.9% Normal Saline (D50.9 NS) | Hypertonic crystalloid |
| The nurse is assigned to a patient who is receiving 0.9% NS IV fluid. The nurse will need to monitor the patient for what IV solution related complication? | Hypernatremia |
| The nurse has received an order to start IV fluids on a patient. In choosing the IV site, what question should the nurse consider in making this decision? | What is the condition of the patient's veins What is the patients age For about how long is the patient to receive IV therapy What is the patients diagnosis |
| The nurse is assigned to a patient who requires oral fluid replacement. The nurse writes the nursing intervention (provide water and a variety of fluids) What are the related actions that should be included? | Keep pitcher of fresh water at the bedside at all times Determine which beverages the patient prefers |
| Julie is developing a 24 hr fluid distribution plan to accommodate Mrs Walters 1200 ml fluid restriction. What factors need to be taken into consideration when planning how to budget Mrs. Walter fluids/ | meal, medication, IV fluids and between meal fluids |
| Which items are commonly used a measuring tool for urine output? | Urine hat, diaper, urinal and foley catheter |
| Monitoring patient's urine output. What will the nurse need to include in the fluid output tally at the end of the shift? | Urine in the foley catheter collection bag Emesis resulting from a vomiting episode |
| Monitoring patient's fluid intake. Which substances nurse need to include in the fluid intake tally at the end of the shift? | Her intravenous fluid A dish of cherry-flavored gelatin Supplemental enteral feeding |
| Which assessments will julie, her nurse need to closely monitor as a indicators of changes in her fluid volume status? | Vital signs, Daily Weights, intake and output |
| Which should the nurse include in a patient teaching as the most common cause for hypophosphatemia | Poor Kidney function |
| Which causes related to poor intake of phosphate, should the nurse include in a teaching session for a patient diagnosed with hypophosphatemia | Phosphate binding antacids Alcoholism Malabsorption syndrome |
| A patient is diagnosed with drug related hypophosphatemia. What type of drug should the nurse include in the teaching session as the cause of the current diagnosis. | Cathartics (classification of laxatives) |
| A patient is diagnosed with hypophosphatemia caused by an increased excretion of phosphate. Which probable cause for this condition should the nurse include in the teaching session with the patient? | Diabetic Ketoacidosis |
| When conducting patient education related to the causes of hypermagnesemia, which cause should the nurse include in the teaching session | Renal Failure the primary cause |
| A patient is diagnosed with hypermagnesemia related to an increased intake of magnesium. Which topic should the nurse include when providing patient education regarding the cause of the condition? | Antacid use Magnesium-containing laxatives |
| Which finding in the patient's medical history necessitates the nurse to provide education related to hypermagnesemia? | Leukemia |
| The nurse is providing care to a patient who is diagnosed with hypomagnesemia. Which cause for this condition should the nurse include in the patient's teaching. | Loop diuretics |
| Which items found during the review of a medical history should the nurse identify as risk factors for hypocalcemia | inadequate dietary intake Hypomagnesemia Hypoparathyroidism |
| Which should the nurse identify as a primary cause of hypocalcemia? | Protein depletion |
| Which nursing statement is accurate when providing education to a post-menopausal patient who is at risk hypercalcemia | Monitor for serum parathyroid levels |
| Which drug classification should the nurse identify as a cause of hyperkalemia? | Ace inhibitors |
| Which medical order should the nurse question for a patient experiencing hypokalemia | Loop diuretic is known for the cause of hypokalemia |
| Which disease process should the nurse identify as the cause of the patient's serum potassium of 5.3 | Severe infection |
| Which factors should the nurse identify as increasing a patient's risk for hypovolemic hyponatremia | Diuretics, emesis, Diarrhea |
| Which are the potential cause of phosphate moving from the extracellular to the intracellular space, resulting in hypophosphatemia | Respiratory alkalosis Hyperglycemia |
| Which should the nurse include in a patient teaching session as the most cause for hyperphosphatemia | Poor kidney function |
| Which are the potential causes of hypomagnesemia | loop and thiazide diuretics usage Crohn's disease Alcohol abuse |
| Which items found during the review of a medical history should the nurse identify as risk factors for hypocalcemia | inadequate dietary intake Hypomagnesemia Hypoparathyroidism |
| Which is the most common cause of hypercalcemia | Hyperparathyroidism |
| Which are the causes of hypokalemia | Laxative abuse anorexia emesis chemotherapeutic agents |
| Which are the causes of water depletion hypernatremia | Dehydration Hyperthermia Emesis Diarrhea |
| Which data should the nurse identify as placing a patient at risk for hypovolemic hyponatremia | Profuse diaphoresis |
| A patient receiving palliative care services after a diagnosis of COPD develops SOB and chest tightness. Which priority action should the nurse take | Assist the patient with relaxation exercises Administer the prescribed albuterol |
| A patient has a nursing diagnosis Deficient fluid volume to decrease circulating volume, BP-low, Pulse- thready, tachycardia Urine output- decreased and thirst. what statement represents measurable patient centered goal | The patient will consume at least 100 ml of fluids every hour for 12 hr shift |
| Nursing diagnosis- Excess fluid volume. For the nursing outcome achieve and maintain fluid balance, which goal is most directly measure this outcome | The patient intake and output will be approximately equal during 24 hour day |
| Sedative prior to surgery | midazalam |
| Respiratory distress can cause | Atelectasis |
| Chronic use of garlic may predispose to intraoperative and postoperative | Bleeding |
| Avoid placing patient in supine position position post surgery until | pharangyeal reflexes have return |
| If patient is comatose or semi-comatose turn patient every | 1-2 hrs on the side |
| To prevent heat loss the nurse uses | warm blankets, raise room temperature and continue o2 |
| assessment NPO prophylactic antibiotic 1hr prior to surgery, time out , confirm, verify surgical site | Npo to avoid aspiration, 2hrs clear liquids Verify, consent signed and witness |
| Intervention for fluid overload | monitor I&O administer diuretics 0.9% Naci lactated ringers anitemetics, anatacids |
| Who does the counting during surgery | Scrub and circulating nurses |
| The sterile nurse that maintains integrity, safety, efficiency of sterile field | Scrub nurse |
| Pain upon inspiration in RA is called | pleuritic pain |
| Which of the following is an appropriate intervention for the client with pulmonary edema | Administer the prescribed sedative to decrease anxiety |
| Definition of palliative care in the later stages | Provides pain relief Integrates spirituality offers a team approach to care Enhances quality of life |
| A client has designated her daughter as a person to make healthcare decisions for the client if he is not able to do so. What type of advance directive is this considered | Durable power of attorney for healthcare |
| What type of therapy is speculated to affect the ion exchange of electrolytes, such as sodium, calcium, and potassium | Electromagnetic therapy |
| When caring for a Pt who just learned of his terminal diagnosis. After the MD leaves, the nurse remains to answer further questions so that the PT can make an informed decision. By providing information, the nurse is promoting which ethical principle | The principal of autonomy |
| The nurse is caring for a terminally ill client inquiring about physician assisted suicide. Which statement, made by the nurse would correctly advocate for the practice | The physician provides means for the clients to take their life |
| Which cardiovascular findings indicate to the nurse that the condition of the dying client is worsening | pulse 104 in the morning, 62 in the afternoon with mottled feet and ankles |
| The nurse is caring for a dying client in hospice setting. which body system would the nurse assess to provide the first data of decline. | Cardiovascular system |
| The nurse is caring for a dying patient. The family ask the nurse why there is a rattling in their loved one's chest. Which is the appropriate response? | There is an accumulation of fluid in the pulmonary circulation and secretions throughout the respiratory tract. called death rattle |
| As the moment of death approaches, which of the following does the nurse encourage family to do | speak to the client in a calm and soothing voice |
| A pt is being taught to self administer a narcotic analgesic by means of an IV pump system. What function is designed to help prevent the patient from unintentionally overdosing | Programming the dosage and time intervals into the device |
| The nurse is administering a narcotic analgesic for the control of a newly postoperative patient's pain. What medication will the nurse administer to this patient | Fentanyl |
| When changing from a parenteral (morphine sulfate IV) to an oral route. What would provide the client optimal pain relief when discontinuing a dose | administer an equianalgesic dose |
| The patient is experiencing intractable pain related to terminal pancreatic cancer. The nurse understands the goal of palliative sedation for this patient | To administer sedative medication at the minimum dosage necessary to decrease consciousness and relieve pain |
| Pt at an orthopedic clinic complaints of twisting the right ankle while playing softball. Nurse collects data, including c/o pain and swelling in the ankle. What interv will the nurse provide that will decrease vasodilation and reduce localize swelling | ice bag |
| The nurse is providing a gentle massage on a painful area of a client's hip. What is the goal of the nurse providing this intervention | Release of endorphins and enkephalins |
| What would indicate that sepsis has occurred and that you should call the MD immediately | The client's heart rate is greater than 90 |
| You are caring for a client during the immediate post operative period. What signs and symptoms indicate the client may be in shock? | Weak and rapid pulse rate |
| What are the signs and symptoms of a patient in shock | Temperature, pallor, fall in BP, weak and rapid pulse, restlessness and cool, moist skin. |
| The nurse is aware that when corticosteriods are administered, it is important that wihic of the following occurs | Dose are tapered when discontinuing |
| What would indicate that sepsis has occured | heart rate greater than 90 beats/minutes or a respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths |
| What does Neupogen do for a patient | boost the immune system and White blood cell production. |
| What is the type I hypersensitivity reaction that occurs in a previously sensitized host to a foreign substance, such as pollen? | Atopy |
| List in order the sequence of events during sensitization of a genetically predisposed person to an allergen. | Initial exposure to allergen, activates of TH2 cells. TH2 cells stimulate the synthesis of IgE anti. Subsequent exposure elicits hypersensitivity response. IgE-antigen complex attaches to mast cell receptors. Histamine, vasoactive mediators produc |
| Which event occurs first when a genetically susceptible person is initially exposed to an allergen? | Absence of clinical manifestations during IgE synthesis |
| In which order can the nurse anticipate the health care provider administering, or asking for the administration of, medications to a hypotensive patient experiencing anaphylaxis? | Epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine |
| Match the medication category for type I hypersensitivity with its correct action. | Blocks chemical mediators-Antihistamine Reduces inflammation-Corticosteroid Constricts blood vessels-decongestant Dilates bronchioles-Adrenaline |
| Which finding indicates the drug diphenhydramine is effective in treating a patient’s type I hypersensitivity reaction? | Diminished itching |
| Care of the patient with a type I immediate hypersensitivity reaction is based on which patient goal? | Verbalizing the need to avoid exposure to known allergens when possible |
| The nurse will administer which emergency dose of intramuscular (IM) epinephrine to a patient experiencing an anaphylactic reaction? | Change in skin lesions Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory response that causes skin lesions. However, a change in those skin lesions is cause for concern because it may indicate a complication such as secondary infection. |
| Match the clinical manifestations with the correct hypersensitivity disorder: Type I: Anaphylaxis Wheezing, dysrhythmias, cyanosis Type II: Acute hemolytic reaction Fever, hypotension, chills | Type III: Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis Hypertension, proteinuria, edema Type IV: Contact dermatitis Vesiculated blisters, itching, burning |
| Which characteristics differentiate type III immune complex hypersensitivity from type II tissue-specific (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity? | Triggered by an event such as infection, streptococcal throat infection triggers the hypersensitivity event. Immune complexes deposited in vessels and organs Complexes form in blood from circulating antigens and antibodies Neutrophils try to phagocy |
| How will the nurse interpret the results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ordered for a patient with a type I hypersensitivity disorder? | Pollen is the offending allergen. The ELISA is a serological assay that tests for and detects specific antibodies to antigens causing allergies and other hypersensitivity reactions, |
| What is the rationale behind the collaborative treatment, immunotherapy? | Antigen exposure over time replaces IgE-specific antibodies with IgE-blocking antibodies, reducing lymphocyte sensitivity. |
| Which goal reflects collaborative treatment for patients with a type III antigen-antibody complex hypersensitivity disorder, such as systemic lupus erythematosus? | Immune suppression to halt disease progression |
| Which finding associated with use of corticosteroids as collaborative treatment for type I hypersensitivity (allergy) will the nurse report to the patient’s health care provider? | Thrombocytopenia |
| Which action will the nurse take first upon entering the room of a patient who has an intravenous antibiotic running and is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction? | Stop the antibiotic infusion |
| Which interventions will the nurse determine as correct for the patient experiencing a transfusion reaction? | Stop the infusion, but not the IV. Maintain IV patency with normal saline. Notify the health care provider immediately. Prepare to administer prescribed medications. Return blood and tubing to the laboratory. |
| The statement “I may be able to control some things that trigger my disorder, but not all” from a patient with a type III immune-complex hypersensitivity disorder supports meeting which goal? | Avoiding triggers when possible |
| The nurse determines which action will take priority upon recognizing a patient experiencing a febrile, non-hemolytic transfusion reaction? | |
| The nurse determines which patient problem will take priority when the patient is experiencing a type III antigen-antibody complex hypersensitivity disorder? | Controlling current acute exacerbation |
| Which intervention by the nurse involves promoting surgical care improvement project core measures | Discontinuing prophylactic antibiotics within one day of surgery time. |
| The nurse is assessing a patient who is scheduled and observes dilated pupils, tachycardia and increased respiration. which nursing action reveal the presence of emotional stress in the patient? | Ask open ended questions related to any previous surgeries |
| The nurse is educating a patient who is about to undergo cardiac surgery with general anesthesia. What statement indicates the need for further instructions | Pain medication will take my pain away |
| A pre- admission assessment indicates the patient is an alcoholic. What risk is the patient likely to encounter during surgery | Altered response to anesthesia |
| What is the primary reason for establishing vascular access in the preoperative patient | To deliver a general anesthesia, also for hydration or deliver warm fluids to a patient with severe hypothermia |
| What topics are included in the preoperative patient teaching | splinting pain management incentive spirometry lower extremity excersise |
| What is the purpose of having a patient sign an informed consent before surgery? | It protects the patient from unwanted procedures |
| A patient scheduled for abdominal surgery may have a risk for pulmonary complications. What is the appropriate intervention to reduce pulmonary complications, post surgery | cough and deep breathing exercises |
| A patient with kidney impairment has been treated with scopolamine . What are the possible side effects of this medication | Confusion apprehension Restlessness disorientation |
| Side effects of barbiturates and benzodiazepines are | depression and hallucinations |
| Which clinical manifestations in a patient indicate poor fluid or nutritional status? | Dull hair brittle nails muscle wasting and skin turgor changes |
| Pallor is pale skin which is the cause of | Reduced oxyhemoglobin in an anemic condition |
| Which factors can increase the risk for anesthesia-related complications? | presence of cardiac problems alcohol and illicit substance abuse age related changes to kidney and liver function |
| What is the best practice regarding site preparation | The surgeon and the patient confirm and mark the site |
| What observation in a patient indicate a poor nutritional status | Presence of brittle nails decrease serum protein level decrease in skin turgor |
| WhAT IS THE Nurse role in the informed consent process | Verify the form is signed serve as a witness to the signature Dispel myths about the surgical experience |
| What is the nurse's teaching priority for the best outcomes for a patient who smoke one pack per day | The importance of the incentive spirometry |
| supplements often prescribed before surgery to increase red blood cell formation | Iron Folic Acid, VB 12 vitamin C |
| Nurse teaching deep breathing, coughing and splinting to a patient scheduled for chest surgery | Place a folded blanket or pillow over the incision when coughing |
| Propofol allergies are | egg, soy and peanuts |
| Autologous blood transfusion | use of autologous blood eliminates blood transfusion reaction A special tag from the blood donor center will be given to bring on the day of the surgery The patient must obtain the health care provider's clearance before donation |
| Patient Self-Determination Act | It |
| Risk of venous stasis leading to thromboembolism | obesity, cancer, age and smoking |
| Breathing excercises | I should exhale by moving the lower rib cage inward first and then my chest |
| Conditions such as Venous thromboembolism and HTN can cause complications such as | Cardiac Arrest |
| Diaphragmatic breathing | inhale and exhale as gently as possible take a deep breath through the nose and mouth |
| Intervention for patients with dry skin and less subcutaneous fat | Teach patient to change position every 2 hrs |
| Anti-embolism stockings | Stocking helps promote blood flow Stocking should not be loose Take off the stockings one to three times a day for 30 minutes |
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