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ch 6 enzymes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following represents two general factors that determine the fate of a chemical reaction in living cells? | its direction and rate |
| Water held behind a dam would best reflect ______. | potential energy |
| According to the first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be transferred or transformed |
| The primary function of an enzyme or any biological catalyst is to | reduced the energy of activation and increase the rate of a reaction. |
| How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction? | Add a catalyst |
| Which of the following would best reflect the general steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction? | substrates bind to enzyme - enzyme undergoes conformational changes - substrates are converted to products - products are released |
| Which term most precisely describes the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones? | anabolism |
| Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? | catabolism |
| In the biochemical regulation of metabolic pathways, how would one overcome the effects of a competitive inhibitor on enzyme activity? | Increase the amount of substrate for the enzyme. |
| The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the concentration of the -------- or --------- to a certain point. | substrate, enzyme |
| When a moose walks it converts chemical energy into a type of ----- energy, called ------ energy. | kinetic, mechanical |
| The substance that can help to increase the rate of an enzymatic reaction by helping a substrate bund to an active site is called: | a cofactor |
| An RNA molecule that can catalyze a chemical reaction is called: | a ribozyme |
| The substrates are combined to produce a larger product: | synthesis |
| The substrates are broken down to smaller products: | degradation |
| Which letters in the reaction A+B -->C+D represents the product? | C+D |
| Summarize ATP Cycle | In a cell, ATP is constantly regenerated by combining ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from the breakdown of glucose and other organic molecules. |
| Explain why ATP is an effective short term energy storage molecule: | ATP hold energy but give it up because it is visible and the last phosphate group can be easily removed, releasing energ. |
| Describe how an enzyme interacts with a substrate to reduce the energy activation: | Enzymes have an active site where the substrates fit specifically. This reduces the energy required for the reactions to occur. |
| List the environmental factors that may influence enzyme activity: | substrate concentration, pH, temp, and the availability of cofactors and inhibitors |
| Explain how enzymes are involved in metabolic pathways: | Enzymes bring reactants together at their active site or they position a substrate so that it is ready to react. |
| The energy of motion: | kinetic energy |
| The stored energy: | potential energy |
| A form of potential energy that is stored within the chemical bonds of molecules: | chemical energy |
| Carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose, and water is oxidized. Glucose requires energy from the sun | Photosynthesis |
| Glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide, and oxygen is reduced to water. This type of reaction releases energy, which is used to synthesize ATP in all types of cells. | Cellular respiration |
| What are often used to build coenzymes such as NAD+, FAD, and NADP+? | Vitamins |
| In an Exergonic reaction, heat is ________. | released |
| The second law of thermodynamics states: | Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy |
| A protein molecule that speeds a chemical reaction is called: | enzyme |
| This describes how the enzymes undergoes a slight change in shape to accomadate the substrate: | Induced fit model |
| What happens to an enzyme after the reaction is completed? | It returns to its original shape |
| Why does denaturation prevent an enzyme from being able to catalyze it's reaction? | Denaturation changes the shape of the enzyme's active site so that it cannot bind correctly with its substrate |
| What plays the greatest role in determining the rate of enzymatic reaction? | The number of active sites. |
| What is the major difference between coenzymes and cofactors? | Coenzymes are organic molecules and cofactors are inorganic molecules. |
| What type of molecule assists cell signaling by regulating the movements of molecules through the ECM to the plasma membrane | proteoglycan |
| These proteins allow for the movement of specific molecules and aid both facilitated transport and active transport. | Carrier proteins |
| The energy that starts the reaction is called: | activation energy |
| Which carbohydrate is used to store energy in the liver? | glycogen |
| This is a nucleotide that function in producing energy for cellular work; A high energy compound used to drive metabolic reactions; Constantly being generated from ADP: | ATP |
| Enzyme inhibitors that can cause death | cyanide, sarin, warfarin |
| Enzyme activity can be measured in 2 ways; | -Amount of substrate consumed -Amount of product produced |
| An enzyme that converts the substrate hydrogen peroxide into the products water and oxygen: | catalase |
| An enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic secretions that breakdown polysaccharides into smaller oligiosaccharides and disaccharides such as maltose: | amylase |
| Is the amount of energy available to perform work after a chemical reaction has occurred: After reaction happens, this is the left over energy: | free energy |
| The branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy) and, by extension, of the relationships between all forms of energy. | thermodynamics |
| The sum of cellular chemical reaction in cells an includes both spontaneous reactions and energy-requiring reactions | metabolism |
| Participate in a reaction | reactants |
| Form as a result of a reaction | products |
| Products have less energy than reactants (release energy) Reactant have more free enrgy thatn products (release energy) Has negative delta G Spontaneous reaction: | Exergonic |
| Products have more free energy than reactant( require energy input) Reactants have less free energy than products ( require energy input) Has positive delta G Energy-requiring reaction: | Endergonic |
| Example of Endergonic reactions in the body | such as protein synthesis, nerve conduction, or musce contraction |
| What happens to the rate of reaction in a test tube when a competitive inhibitor is added? | The reaction slows down because the competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme |
| Blocking Active site of an enzyme | competitive inhibition |
| Vitamin C | Coenzyme |
| Zinc and Iron | Cofactors |
| Endergonic reactions are _____________; exergonic reactions are ____________ | non-spontaneous; spontaneous |
| An orderly sequence of chemical reactions, where each one is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. | Metabolic Pathways |
Created by:
Jseverin03