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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| one of the three classes in French society before the revolution: First Estate (clergy, or church officials); Second Estate (nobles); and Third Estate (peasants and townspeople). | estate |
| an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy | taillie |
| one who consumes or uses economic goods | Consumer |
| the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people | bourgeoisie |
| barred from inclusion or participation in | exclusion |
| “without breeches”; members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots wearing long trousers instead of the fine knee-length breeches of the nobles | sans-culottes |
| relating to or originating within one’s country | domestic |
| a part of a whole divided into 100 parts | percent |
| an individual qualified to vote in an election | elector |
| a sudden overthrow of the government | coup d'etat |
| government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799 | consulate |
| having or showing ability | capable |
| broad-minded; associated with ideals of the individual, especially economic freedom and greater participation in government | liberal |
| the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols | nationalism |
| a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion | conservatism |
| the idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments | principle of intervention |
| a political philosophy originally based largely on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil liberties—the basic rights of all people—should be protected | liberalism |
| involving the general public or civic affairs | civil |
| the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it | constitution |