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chapter 7 pre med
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nitrogenous waste products | urea, creatinine, uric acid |
| urine composition | water, salts, acids, drugs, urea/wastes |
| electrolytes | small molecules that conduct an electrical charge to give the body energy, potassium and sodium are examples |
| homeostasis | body's ability to maintain an equilibrium |
| erythropoietin (EPO) | hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow |
| calciferol | an active form of vitamin D secreted from kidneys to absorb calcium from the intestines |
| kidney | one of the two bean-shaped organs behind abdominal cavity on either side of the spine in the lumbar region |
| retroperitoneal | pertaining to behind the abdominal cavity |
| cortex | outer region of kidneys |
| medulla | inner region of kidney |
| ureter | one of two muscular tubes that carries urine from the urinary bladder (16-18 inches) |
| trigone | triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits |
| urinary bladder | a hollow, muscular sac that is a temporary reservoir for urine |
| urination/voiding | process of expelling urine through the urethra |
| urinary meatus | external opening of the urethra |
| catheter | tube inserted through the urethra to drain urine from the bladder when patient can't empty his/her bladder |
| renal arteries | (left and right) through what blood enters the kidney from the aorta |
| arterioles | smallest arteries after the renal artery enters the kidney and branches into smaller and smaller arteries |
| renin | enzyme produced by the kidney and discharged to the blood; stimulates blood pressure and restores blood flow |
| glomerulus | permits, water, salts, sugar, urea, creatinine, and uric acid to enter from the blood |
| glomerular (Bowman) capsule | surrounding each glomerulus, allows filtered products in glomerulus to collect in this cup-like structure and prevents large substances to enter into the urine |
| filtration | process whereby some but not all substances pass through a filter |
| urea | nitrogenous waste in urine |
| renal tubule | long, twisted tube attached to each glomerular capsule that are used to return what is needed into the bloodstream |
| reabsorption | the active process that ensures that the body retains essential substances while excreting wasteful products in urine by renal tubules |
| essential substances to the body | sugar, glucose, water, and sodium |
| secretion | the final process in the formation of urine where waste products are removed from the body |
| some substances that secrete out of the blood stream into the renal tubule | potassium, acids, and drugs |
| nephron | the combination of the glomerulus and a renal tubule |
| renal pelvis | a basin-like area in the central part of the kidney collecting all tubules |
| calyces/calices | small cup-like collecting regions of the renal pelvis |
| ureter | carries the urine to the urinary bladder |
| urethra | sphincter muscles control the exit area of the bladder to this |
| hilum | depression in the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave |
| creatinine | nitrogenous excreted in urine that is the product of muscle metabolism |
| creatinine clearance | measure of efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood |
| renal vein | blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart |
| cali/o, calic/o | calyx (calix) cup-shaped |
| cyst/o, vesic/o | urinary bladder |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| meat/o | meatus |
| nephr/o, ren/o | kidney |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| trigon/o | trigone (region of the bladder) |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| cystectomy | an opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body, then a catheter is placed into the bladder for drainage |
| nephroptosis | downward displacement or dropping of a kidney when its anatomic supports are weakened |
| nephrolithotomy | incision into the kidney to remove kidney stones |
| hydronephrosis | obstruction of urine flow resulting in backup of urine |
| nephrostomy | removal of a large calculus (stone) contributing to blockage of urine flow and development of infection, renal pelvis is surgically opened |
| ureteroplasty | repair of the ureter by forming a pouch from a segment of the ileum to act as a bladder |
| urethral stricture | abnormal narrowing of an opening or passageway |
| intravesical | in the urinary bladder |
| albumin/o | albumin |
| albuminuria | malfunction of kidney as protein leaks out of damaged glomeruli causing cloudy and viscous urine |
| azot/o | nitrogen |
| azotemia | abnormally high levels of BUN (nitrogenous waste in the blood) |
| bacteri/o | bacteria |
| bacteriuria | usually sign of UTI, bacteria in the urine |
| dips/o | thirst |
| polydipsia | excessive urination causing excessive thirst (associated with ukw) |
| kal/i | potassium |
| hyperkalemia | potassium accumulated in blood by kidney failure |
| ket/o, keton/o | keto |
| ketosis | acids accumulating in the blood and tissues |
| lith/o | stone |
| natr/o | sodium |
| noct/o | night |
| olig/o | scanty |
| nocturia | frequent, excessive urination at night |
| -poietin | substance that forms |
| py/o | pus |
| -tripsy | crushing |
| ur/o, urin/o | urea, urine |
| -uria | urination; urine condition |
| uremia | nitrogenous waste accumulates in blood abnormally |
| urinary incontinence | inability to hold urine in the bladder |
| dysuria | painful urination |
| anuria | no urine production |
| oliguria | small amount of urine production |
| hematuria | blood in urine |
| urinary retention | urine held back in the bladder (may be caused by problem with peristalsis with bladder) |
| enuresis | incontinence during the night (bedwetting) |
| urinalysis | examination of urine |
| glycosuria | glucose found in urine (associated with diabetes) |
| specific gravity | density of urine compared to water |
| ketone bodies | formed when fatty acids are broken down instead of sugar for fuel; high levels of ketones in the blood can lead to acidosis |
| sediments and casts | presence of abnormal particles in urine (such as red cells) |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | baby cannot break down amino acid (can lead to mental retardation) |
| diabetes insipidus | characterized by excessive thirst and urination-- diluted urine, caused by a deficiency of a hormone or because nephrons are sensitive to the hormone |
| nephrotic syndrome | increase in permeability of the capillary walls of the glomerulus leading to the presence of high levels of protein passing from the blood to the urine (edema, hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria) |
| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, swelling |
| proteinuria | protein in urine |
| renal abscess | collection of infective fluid in the kidney, arises from infected urine or blood spreading bacteria to the kidney (WBC in urine) |
| KUB | kidney, ureter, bladder x-ray |
| imaging | CT scan, angiography, ultrasound, MRI, x-ray, cystoscopy |
| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney |
| interstitial nephritis | inflammation of connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules |
| polycystic kidney disease (PKD) | multiple fluid-filled cysts within and on the kidney |
| pyelonephritis | inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma |
| renal cell carcinoma | cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood |
| renal failure | decrease in exertion of wastes results from impaired filtration function |
| secondary hypertension | renal hypertension; high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease |
| wilms tumor | malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood |
| bladder cancer | malignant tumor of the urinary bladder |
| renal failure | impaired filtration resulting in decrease in excretion of wastes |
| solution to renal failure | dialysis-- process for separating nitrogenous waste material from the blood |
| hemodialysis | artificial kidney machine used to filter a patient's blood - removes wastes and then returns the blood to the patient |
| BUN (blood urea nitrogen) | test of measuring the urea levels in the blood |
| CT urography | x-ray images obtained using CT to show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney |
| renal angiography | x-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidney |
| retrograde pyelogram (RP) | x-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder |
| voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) | x-ray image (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained with the patient is urinating |
| ultrasonography | imagining of the urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves |
| radioisotope scan | image of the kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance (radiotope) into the blood stream |
| MRI urography | changing magnetic field producing images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body |
| cystoscopy | direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope |
| lithotripsy | urinary tract stones are crushed |
| renal angioplasty | dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries |
| renal biopsy | removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination |
| renal transplantation | surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient |
| urinary catherization | passage of flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder |
| urinary system function | removes nitrogenous wastes, maintain balance, secrete hormones, degrade and eliminate hormones |
| steps in formation of urine | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion |
| ureterocele | hernia of the lower portion of the ureter, swollen area prevents urine from moving freely into the bladder |
| nephrosclerosis | hardening or blocking of blood vessels into the kidneys |
| urinalysis steps | color, appearance, Ph, protein, glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, sediments and casts, phenylkeonuria |
| meatal stenosis | narrowing of the urethral opening to the outside of the body |
| uremia | urea in blood resulting in blood in urine; azotemia |
| diabetes insipidus is characterized by | polydipsia, polyuria, pituitary gland malfunction, insufficient ADH |
| ureterocele | hernia of the tube connecting the kidney and the urinary bladder |
| renal abscess may lead to | pyuria |
| pyuria | white blood cells in the urine (pus) |
| high levels of ketones in the blood can lead to | ketones |
| nephrosclerosis | hardening of the blood vessels in the kidney |
| essential hypertension | primary hypertension; high blood pressure of unknown cause |
| chronic kidney disease | kidneys decrease excretion of wastes due to impaired filtration function |
| diabetes mellitus | insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in blood |
| diabetes insipidus | antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately or the kidney is resistant to its effect |
| peritoneal dialysis | separating nitrogenous wastes from the blood using a catheter to introduce fluid into the abdominal cavity |
| BPH in the prostate | an elastic, non-tender enlargement |
Created by:
pl251781