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Apologia Chem M 5

Polyatomic Ions and Molecular Geometry

QuestionAnswer
The 3 dimensional nature of molecules helps us to understand why certain liquids mix together easily, while other liquids do not.
polyatomic ions ions that are formed when a group of atoms gains or loses electrons
Any ion that has more than one atom is a polyatomic ion.
When an ion ends with an oxygen atom, its name usually starts with the first atom in the ion and ends with -ate or -ite.
VSEPR Theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
The dashes in a Lewis structure represent covalent bonds.
If electron pairs repel each other, it stands to reason that they will try to move as far apart from each other as possible.
We try to picture the 3 dimensional structure of a molecule by using solid, dashed, and triangular lines.
tetrahedral 0 non-bonded pairs, 4 bonded pairs, with an angle of 109 degrees
The VSEPR theory states that molecules will attain whatever shape keeps the valence electrons of the central atom as far apart from one another as possible.
The dashed line in a Lewis structure indicates that the bond is behind the plane of the paper.
The heavy triangular line in a Lewis structure indicates that the bond is in front of the plane of the paper.
The solid line in a Lewis structure indicates that the bond is in the same plane of the paper.
linear 0 non-bonded pairs, 2 bonded pairs, with an angle of 180 degrees
trigonal 0 non-bonded pairs, 3 bonded pairs, with an angle of 120 degrees
pyramidal 1 non-bonded pairs, 3 bonded pairs, with an angle of 107 degrees
bent 2 non-bonded pairs, 2 bonded pairs, with an angle of 105 degrees
If a molecule consists of only 2 atoms, the molecule must be linear.
The key to VSEPR theory is to know how many groups of electrons are around the central atom.
nonpolar covalent bond a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally between the atoms
polar bond a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally between the atoms
When an atom get extra electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
dipole a partial charge (either positive OR negative)
When a molecule has more than its fair share of electrons, it develops a partial negative charge.
Vegetable oil is made up of nonpolar covalent molecules.
nonpolar molecule a covalent molecule in which the electrons are evenly distributed throughout the whole molecule
polar molecule a covalent molecule that has an imbalance in the distribution of electrons throughout the whole molecule
The arrowhead in a Lewis structure should point TOWARD the atom with the LARGEST electronegativity.
The plus sign on the arrow in a Lewis structure represents the electron DEFICIT that results on the other atom.
If a bond exists between two IDENTICAL atoms, it is not polar.
If a bond exists between two DIFFERENT types of atoms, then it is polar.
The important thing about polar covalent & nonpolar covalent bonds is their effect on the molecule they are in.
What makes a molecule polar covalent? #1 - The molecule must contain polar bonds AND #2 - the bonds cannot cancel each other out.
POLAR covalent compounds can dissolve OTHER polar covalent compounds AND ionic compounds because both types of compounds contain electrical charges.
NONPOLAR covalent compounds can dissolve ONLY other nonpolar covalent compounds because no electrical charges are present.
Water is a polar covalent compound.
In VSEPR theory, a non-bonding electron pair repels other electron groups ________ ________________ than a bonded electron pair. more strongly
Created by: MrsHough
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