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Biology Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a hypothesis? | a possible explanation for a set of observations |
| A controlled experiment is one in which ___. | only a single variable is tested |
| Why is it important that an experiment includes a control group? | does not receive independent variable |
| Which lab equipment would be used to weigh out 120 grams of salt? | triple beam balance |
| A student suggests that a certain species of bacteria grows better in the light than in the dark. The student has 10 culture plates on which to grow the bacteria. What would be the best experiment to test this idea? | 5 culture plates in the dark and 5 in the light |
| How many meters are in 2.4 km? | 2400m |
| To observe a small, living organism, a scientist might use a(n) ___ microscope. | light |
| Suppose a lab refrigerator holds a constant temperature of 38 F. A temperature sensor is tested 10 times in the refrigerator. The temperatures from the test yield the temperatures of:39.4, 38.1, 39.3, 37.5, 38.3, 39.1, 37.1, 37.8, 38.8, 39.0. P, A, or B? | accurate, but not precise |
| A factor in an experiment that changes from the manipulation of the independent variable is the __. | dependent variable |
| In a scientific experiment, conditions that could affect the outcome of the experiment, but do not because they are held constant, are called __. | controlled variables |
| A unifying explanation for a broad range of observations is called a | theory |
| What piece of equipment would be used to measure liquid volume in the lab? | graduated cylinder |
| What gives water many properties that are important to living things? | polarity |
| Which part is the solute and which part is the solvent? | particles being dissolved are the solute |
| The four main types of carbon-based molecules in organisms are __, __, __, and __. | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| Which aspect of a chemical reaction is affected by enzymes? | hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis |
| During a chemical reaction, enzymes __. | lower activation energy |
| Both lipids and carbohydrates are important in animal cells because both-- | store energy |
| What are the basic building blocks of proteins? | amino acids |
| Water dissolves many ionic and molecular compounds because of its ___. | polarity |
| The various enzymes in our bodies are __. | specific to chemical reactions |
| Unlike carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain __. | nitrogen |
| The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called __. | substrates |
| Enzymes affect chemical reactions in living organisms by __. | lowering activation energy |
| Describe an exothermic chemical reaction in terms of what happens to energy. | energy released, products have less energy |
| What are the major principles upon which cell theory is based? | all living things composed of cells, cells basic unit of structure and function, cells produced from existing cells |
| What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | prokaryotes- no nucleus, bacteria eukaryotes- nucleus, all other organisms, membrane-bound organelles |
| Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information? | nucleus |
| Which organelles supply energy to the cell? | mitochondria |
| A solution that is hypotonic to a cell has __ solutes as compared to the cell | less |
| Transport proteins play a role in both __ and __ | active and passive transport |
| What processes require no energy from the cell? (related to the cell membrane) | passive transport (osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion) |
| What is the cell membrane made up of? | phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol |
| Eukaryotes usually contain __ | nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? | ribosomes |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | acts as guard gate, keeps everything in |
| A plasma membrane is made up of ___ | phospholipids |
| The above diagram shows the process of osmosis. Why would water molecules be the only thing entering the cell? | there is more water outside than inside, other particles too large to move |
| If a cell cannot move enough material through its membrane to survive, then the ratio of its surface area to volume is__ | volume increases faster than surface area |
| During which stage of mitosis does the cytoplasm of a cell divide? | cytokinesis |
| A chromosome is made of two __ | sister chromatids |
| Malignant tumors __ to other parts of the body | spread (metastisis) |
| One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is that cancer cells __ uncontrollably | divide-not inhibited by density or anchorage |
| When during the cell cycle is a cell's DNA replicated? | S Phase |
| What are the phases of mitosis in the proper order? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telopahse |
| The two main stages of cell division are called __ and __ | interphase and M phase |
| What explains why normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish? | Density- dependent inhibition and anchorage |
| Desribe how you would tell a plant cell from another type of cell. | cell wall, boxy, large central vacuole |
| What are some causes of cancer? | viruses, UV, radiation, mutated genes |
| A cell's size is limited because ___ increases faster than __ and because __is disrupted by a cell that is too large. | volume, surface area, DNA synthesis/metabolism |
| The longest phase of the cell cycle is __. | interphase |
| List the following in order of least to most complex: tissue, cell, organ system, organ. | cell, tissue, organ, organ system |
| What molecules found in the food we eat is most commonly broken down to make ATP? | carbohydrates-sugars-glucose |
| The water molecules go to the thylakoids to take part in which process? | light reactions |
| What are the reactants in photosynthesis? | Carbon Dioxide, water, light |
| What process provides the chemical energy for most cell function? | cell respiration; production of ATP |
| What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2+6H2O+Light --> C6H12O6+6O2 |
| How many phosphates are in ADP? | two |
| How many phosphates are in ATP? | three |
| If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant's environment, what would you expect to happen to its production of high-energy sugars? | none is formed |
| What products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH |
| What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle? | make sugar |
| ATP transfers __ to cell processes | energy |
| What process directly provides the energy needed for cell functions? | cell respiration |
| What is the correct sequence of events for cellular respiration to occur? | Glycolysis, Shuttling, Krebs, ETC |
| What is released during cellular respiration? | CO2, H2O |
| Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce a NET of __ ATP molecules. | 38 |
| What are the reactants (inputs) in the overall equation for cellular respiration? | glucose and oxygen |
| Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires | oxygen |
| What molecules carry high-energy electrons into the electron transport chain during cellular respiration? | FADH2, NADH |
| The released energy from the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make | ATP |
| Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in __ cells | all |
| Describe the process of cellular respiration. What is being used and eventually made? | glucose and oxygen used, carbon dioxide, water, and ATP made |
| Which process breaks down sugars to make ATP when oxygen is present? | Krebs/ETC |
| Two products of the Krebs Cycle are __ and __ | NADH and FADH2 |
| Organisms need a way of storing energy because ___ | they have to use energy throughout the day |
| Fermentation takes place without __ | oxygen |
| What is the main role of fermentation? | recycle NAD |
| Which process is best represented by the chemical equation: C6H12O6+6O2 --> 6CO2+6H2O | cell respiration |
| The main difference between the four nucleotides that make up DNA in that they have different __ | bases |
| Which scientists figured out the three-dimensional structure of DNA by using a model of metal and wood? | Watson and Crick |
| The central dogma states that information flows from ___ to ___ to ___ | DNA to RNA to protein |
| Suppose you can read the sequence of bases on only one strand of the double helix. What would you use to figure out the sequence on the other strand? | base pairs |
| What nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a DNA molecule? | A-T, C-G |
| The backbone of a DNA molecule is made of which two components? | phosphate and sugar (deoxyribose) |
| A DNA molecule may be made up of a phosphate group, along with __ | 5-C sugar (deoxyribose) and either A, T, C, or G |
| Unlike DNA, RNA contains | uracil |
| In C4 Plants, light reactions take place in the ___ cells and dark reactions take place in ____. | mesophyll, bundle-sheath |
| C4 plants and CAM use the enzyme ___ | PEP Carboxylase |
| CAM plants open their __ only at __, and collect ___ | stomates, night, CO2 |
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taylorshields