The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA.

A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.

(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. (E stands for exit.)

A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus.

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

nucleotide-pair substitution

A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides.

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA.)

A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene.

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.

A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell.

signal-recognition particle

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER.

A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid.

An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by picking up a specific amino acid and carrying it to the ribosome, where the tRNA recognizes the appropriate codon in the mRNA.

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APA Unit 14 Lesson 2

AP A Unit 14 Lesson 2 Key Terms

Question	Answer
A site	The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs.
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA.
anticodon	A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.
deletion	(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.
E site	One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. (E stands for exit.)
frameshift mutation	A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.
insertion	A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
missense mutation	A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
mutation	A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus.
nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
nucleotide-pair substitution	A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides.
P site	One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA.)
point mutations	A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene.
ribosomal RNA	RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.
signal peptide	A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell.
signal-recognition particle	A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER.
silent mutation	A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid.
transfer RNA	An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by picking up a specific amino acid and carrying it to the ribosome, where the tRNA recognizes the appropriate codon in the mRNA.

Created by: Jason Stanwood

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