the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation

the specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs

a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules

a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

a process by which a chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme; cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalysis

competitive inhibitor

a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics

a nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

the capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)

a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness

a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; most enzymes are proteins

enzyme-substrate complex

a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s)

a spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy

a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway

first law of thermodynamics

the principle of conservation of energy: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

the portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system; the change in free energy of a system (?G) is calculated by the equation ?G = ?H–T?S,

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism

second law of thermodynamics

the principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe; usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat

the reactant on which an enzyme works

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AP A Unit 9 Lesson 1

AP A Unit 9 Lesson 1 Key Terms

Question	Answer
activation energy	the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation
active site	the specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs
anabolic pathway	a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules
catabolic pathway	a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules
catalysis	a process by which a chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
cofactor	any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme; cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalysis
competitive inhibitor	a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics
endergonic reaction	a nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
energy	the capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)
entropy	a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness
enzyme	a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction; most enzymes are proteins
enzyme-substrate complex	a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s)
exergonic reaction	a spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy
feedback inhibition	a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
first law of thermodynamics	the principle of conservation of energy: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
free energy	the portion of a biological system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system; the change in free energy of a system (?G) is calculated by the equation ?G = ?H–T?S,
metabolism	the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism
second law of thermodynamics	the principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe; usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat
substrate	the reactant on which an enzyme works

Created by: Jason Stanwood

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