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APA Unit 14 Lesson 4
AP A Unit 14 Lesson 4 Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cytoplasmic determinants | a maternal substance, such as a protein or RNA, that when placed into an egg influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells |
| determination | the progressive restriction of developmental potential in which the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops. At the end of determination, a cell is committed to its fate |
| differentiation | the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes specialized in structure and function |
| egg-polarity gene | a gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring’s genotype; egg-polarity genes, also called maternal effect genes, were first identified in Drosophila melanogaster. |
| embryonic lethal | a mutation with a phenotype leading to death of an embryo or larva |
| homeotic genes | any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells |
| induction | a process in which a group of cells or tissues influences the development of another group through close-range interactions |
| maternal gene effect | a gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring’s genotype; maternal effect genes, also called egg-polarity genes, were first identified in Drosophila melanogaster. |
| morphogen | a substance, such as Bicoid protein in Drosophila, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis |
| morphogenesis | the development of the form of an organism and its structures |
| oncogene | a gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer |
| p53 gene | a tumor-suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle |
| pattern formation | the development of a multicellular organism’s spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space |
| positional formation | molecular cues that control pattern formation in an animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cell’s location relative to the organism’s body axes; these cues elicit a response by genes that regulate development. |
| proto-oncogene | a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene |
| ras gene | a gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle |
| tumor-suppressor gene | a gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer |
Created by:
Jason Stanwood