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APA Unit 14 Lesson 3
AP A Unit 14 Lesson 3 Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| activator | A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription; in prokaryotes, activators bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, activators generally bind to control elements in enhancers. |
| alternative RNA splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns |
| control element | A segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by serving as a binding site for a transcription factor; Multiple control elements are present in a eukaryotic gene’s enhancer. |
| corepressor | A small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein’s shape, allowing it to bind to the operator and switch an operon off |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells; it is also a regulator of some bacterial operons. |
| differential gene expression | The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome |
| DNA methylation | The presence of methyl groups on the DNA bases (usually cytosine) of plants, animals, and fungi (The term also refers to the process of adding methyl groups to DNA bases.) |
| enhancer | A segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates |
| epigenetic inheritance | Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms that do not involve the nucleotide sequence |
| histone acetylation | The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins. |
| inducer | A specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor’s shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on |
| microRNA (miRNA) | A small, single-stranded RNA molecule generated from a double-stranded RNA precursor. The miRNA associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence |
| operator | In bacterial and phage DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon |
| operon | A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway |
| regulatory gene | A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes |
| repressor | A protein that inhibits gene transcription; in prokaryotes, repressors bind to the DNA in or near the promoter. In eukaryotes, repressors may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks |
| RNA interference (RNAi) | A mechanism for silencing the expression of specific genes. In RNAi, double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a gene are processed into siRNAs that either block translation or trigger the degradation of the gene’s messenger RNA. This |
| small interfering RNA (siRNA) | One of multiple small, single-stranded RNA molecules generated by cellular machinery from a long, linear, double-stranded RNA molecule; the siRNA associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with |
Created by:
Jason Stanwood