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AP A Unit 5 Lesson 2
AP A Unit 5 Lesson 2 Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| actin | a globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells |
| cell wall | a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists; polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural |
| central vacuole | in a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances |
| centriole | a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9+0” pattern; centrosome has a pair of centrioles |
| centrosome | a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; a centrosome has two centrioles |
| chloroplast | an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water |
| chromatin | the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes; when the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope |
| chromosome | a cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules (in some contexts, such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone); a eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are |
| cilium | a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells; a motile cilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules |
| collagen | a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom |
| cytoskeleton | a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions |
| endomembrane system | the collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope,lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions |
| endosymbiont theory | the theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell; the engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism; see also endosymbiosis |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | the meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells |
| fibronectin | an extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix |
| flagellum | a long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion; like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9+2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane; |
| food vacuole | a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell |
| glycoprotein | a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| Golgi apparatus | an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrate |
| integrin | in animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton |
| intermediate filament | a component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments |
| lysosome | a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists |
| microfilament | a cable (long fibrous strand) composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also called an actin filament |
| microtubule | a cable (long fibrous strand) composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also called an actin filament |
| mitochondrion | an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP |
| nuclear envelope | in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm; the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum |
| nucleus | the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin |
| plasmodesma | an open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells |
| proteoglycan | a large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells; a proteoglycan may consist of up to 95% carbohydrate |
| ribosome | a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit; in eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus; see also nucleolus |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached; named because the ribosomes make it appear “bumpy” on micrographs |
Created by:
Jason Stanwood