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Cog 11 Problem
Cog 11 Problem Solving
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two components of Gestalt problem solving? | 1. How people represent a problem in their mind. 2. How solving a problem involves a restructuring of this representation. |
| Explain the steps involved in analogical problem solving. | 1. Noticing (most difficult, hints often required) 2. Mapping corresponding elements of past prob to target prob 3. Applying mapped elements to generate parallel solution. |
| List the stages of the creative process (4) | 1. Preparation 2. Incubation (put aside) 3. Illumination (insight) 4. Verification |
| Explain a way to help people notice structural similarities between problems. | Analogical Encoding: compare 2 cases that illustrate a principle - more likely to see underlying structural similarities. |
| PS becomes easier when the solver notices connections between similar probs. This is called....... (applying the solution for one prob to current prob.) | Analogical Problem Solving |
| How can surface & structural features enhance our ability to notice connections between problems? | By making surface features more similar and structural features more obvious. |
| Discuss effective expert approaches to PS. | Categorize probs on underlying meaning (DS), Spend time analyzing (less time searching), use backward reasoning & reverse engineering, Task specific |
| Creativity is domain specific, explain. | Creativity for a specific task doesn't transfer for all tasks. |
| Compare & contrast Divergent Thinking (DT) vs. Convergent Thinking (CT). | DT: Open-ended thinking which offers many potential solutions to a prob. CT: PS that works towards finding a solution that has a correct answer. |
| How does sleep influence our ability to solve problems? | During REM - Helps discover hidden structure needed to solve problems. Restorative & Helps consolidate information |
| Which brain area is commonly activated during problem solving? | Frontal Cortex |
| What can influence (good or bad) functional fixedness?, | Hints & priming can help, priming can also hinder. |
| What is the psychological significance of the Radiation Problem and the Fortress Story ( if presented sequentially), | If presented sequentially, it provides an example of Analogical Problem Solving |
| Divergent thinking is associated w/ _____ _____, while convergent thinking is associated w/ ____ ______. | Ill-defined problems, well-defined problems. |
| Newell and Simon saw problem solving as a process of stages, Explain. | Initial State: conditions at the beginning of a problem. Goal State: the solution of the problem. Intermediate State: steps necessary to solve problem |
| Creativity involves ......? | Innovative thinking, novel ideas & making new connections between existing ideas to create something new. |
| A sudden realization of a problem's solution is known as ______. All forms of problem solving involve ____ . The entire process of PS is called ______. | Insight, Search, Problem Space |
| Concept of insight must not be mistaken for the concept of ______, why? | Intuition, no warning of insight. |
| Explain the Karl Dunker's Radiation Problem. | Involves finding a way to destroy a tumor by radiation, w/out damaging other organs in the body. Illustrate Gestalt principles of representation and restructuring. |
| Why are experts better at solving problems w/in their field of expertise? | Knowledge facilitates perceptual processes & strategies of PS. Knowledge is organized - accessible, functional, and efficient. |
| Compare Mental set vs. Negative set | Mental Set: the way we do things (scripts). Negative Set: counterproductive way of doing things |
| Define Convergent Thinking | PS that works towards finding a solution that has a correct answer. |
| Explain the Analogical paradox | Participants in experiments focus on surface features, while people in the real-world use structural features |
| Explain In-vivo problem solving and give advantage and a disadvantage. | People observed how they solve probs in the real world. Advantage: naturalistic setting Disadvantages: time-consuming, cannot isolate and control variables |
| Experts' knowledge is organized to support understanding (______ before ______) Their knowledge is derived from ________ _______. | Qualitative, quantitative, contextualized experiences. |
| One way to direct the search is to use a strategy called means-end analysis, explain & give example. | Reduce diff between initial and goal states. Achieved by creating subgoals (intermediary states that get you closer to the goal) Herb Simon - chess playing comp program. |
| What research challenged Newell & Simon's "initial - goals state" theory? | Research on PS when problems were stated in Describe Functional Fixedness, give examples. |
| What method is often used to measure problem solving strategies? What are the advantages or disadvantages? | Self report - disadvantage is less reliable & hard to describe thoughts |
| Two factors that influence our ability to notice analogies between probs are ....? Explain. | Surface Features: specific elements that make up a prob. Structural Features: underlying principle that the 2 have in common. |
| Explain the strategy of trade-off & contingency negotiations. | Trade-off: Solution to a prob when both parties get all of what they want, vs. having to compromise w/ less of what they want. Contingency: Provisional planning for unpredictable or unforeseen events |
| Compare and contrast Well-defined Problem vs. Ill-defined problem. | Well-defined: problem that has a correct answer. Following procedures will lead to a solution. Ill-defined: difficult to specify a solution plan, real life problems. |
| Explain situationally produced mental set | When a person encounter a situation that influences their approach to a problem. (Doing things the hard way) |
| Define Design Fixation | When presenting a sample design, design influences the creation of new designs |
Created by:
ninky