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Judilynn Acierto
Bio 221 Ch7-14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately ________ meters per second. | 130 |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. | local |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| What current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction. |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster. |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | Triglycerides |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| A synapse consists of: | all of the above. |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| Compared with outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ______ charge. | negative |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | none of the above. |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulus open. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitor postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| Which of the following is true of spatial summation? | Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic. |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na^+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Pheneizine |
| Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to: | the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: | sensory stimuli |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential. |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period. |
| The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is that: | sodium causes depolarization of the cell membrane, and potassium causes repolarization of the cell membrane. |
| When a neuron is resting, the inner surface of its plasma membrane is slightly positive compared with its outer surface. | False |
| Neurons are the only living cells that maintain a difference in the concentration of ions across their membranes. | False |
| What mechanism quickly terminates the action of a neurotransmitter once it binds to its postsynaptic receptor? | All of these are correct. |
| The magnitude of the action potential peaks when sodium channels close. | True |
| There are two types of synapses--the electrical synapse and the _____ synapse. | chemical |
| Whether an impulse is continued through the neuron depends on the magnitude voltage in the axon hillock. | True |
| Which chemicals allow neurons to communicate with one another? | neurotransmitters |
| The speed of a nerve impulse depends on the neuron's resting potential. | False |
| An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a(n) | stimulus-gated channel. |
| The action potential seems to "leap" from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called _____ conduction. | saltatory |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the ________ period. | refractory |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron's axon is called a(n) | synaptic knob. |
| The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a membrane is called the membrane potential. | True |
| In a myelinated fiber, the action potential jumps from one node of the Ranvier to the next. | True |
| In depolarization the membrane potential moves toward zero, whereas in hyperpolarization the membrane potential moves away from zero. | True |
| When neurotransmitters from synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential. This is called | temporal summation. |
| If the threshold potential is surpassed, the full peak of the action potential is always reached. | True |
| Which membrane receptor acts to directly change ion permeability when stimulated? | Gated-channel receptor |
| The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps three potassium ions out of the neuron and two sodium ions into the neuron. | False |
| Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (below the usual RMP) is called | hyperpolarization. |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse. |
| If the magnitude of the local depolarization surpasses a limit called the ____, voltage-gated Na^+ channels are stimulated to open. | threshold potential |
| In a myelinated neuron, the impulse can travel under the myelin between nodes of Ranvier. | True |
| A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be | polarized. |
| The mechanisms that produce and maintain the resting membrane potential do so by producing a | slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | sodium-potassium pump. |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? | Action |
| The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron's plasma membrane is called the ______ membrane potential. | resting |
| A synapse can occur only between an axon and: | any of the above. |
| Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to automatic effectors. |
| The two main types of adrenergic receptors are | alpha and beta. |
| Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a | dermatome. |
| Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? | thalamus |
| The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. | Babinski sign |
| Many cerebral functions have typical locations. This fact is known as | cerebral localization. |
| "Fight or flight" physiological changes include all of the following. EXCEPT | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term | memory. |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is | relaxation. |
| The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme. | acetylcholinesterase. |
| Which of the following is NOT correct? | Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsi root of certain spinal nerves. |
| The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the | cerebellum |
| Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, | norepinephrine and acetylcholine. |
| Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the _______ nervous system. | craniosacral |
| Acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors. | cholinergic. |
| Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of | sensory and motor neurons. |
| The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the | central sulcus. |
| The most numerous cerebral tracts are the | association tracts. |
| Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve? | hypoglossal |
| The limbic system integrates | emotion. |
| The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the | motor program. |
| The somatic motor system includes all the ________ motor pathways _____ the CNS. | voluntary; outside |
| If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a | cranial reflex |
| The ______ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls. | hypothalamus |
| The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. | vestibular |
| Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? | olfactory |
| A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a | glandular secretion. |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? | constriction of the bronchioles |
| A ________ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. | myotome |
| The reticular activating system maintains | consciousness. |
| Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | willed movement |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
| The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord is the ____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | If the sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | hypothalamus. |
| The cerebellum acts with the _______ to produce skilled movement. | cerebrum |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
| Which is not true of the dorsai nerve root? | All of the above are true. |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal and _______, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| Afferent nerves or fibers are found only in the _____ nervous system. | Both A and B are correct. |
| Which of the following is not associated with the oculomotor nerve? | Closing and opening of the eye (blink reflex). |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the ______ plexus. | coccygeal |
| The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | True |
| Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division. |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose ________ related to that pathway. | sensory perception |
| Propranolol is an example of a: | All of the above are correct. |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | It is a flexor reflex. |
| The douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _______ nerve. | trigeminal |
| Which is (are) the neurotransmitter(s) in a somatic motor pathway? | Acetylcholine |
| Impulses from the ______ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. | thalamus |
| Damage to the _______ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. | True |
| Which of the following statements is not true? | The major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an "emergency" system. |
| Which is the only plexus that contains fibers from the thoracic region of the spinal cord? | Brachial |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child's eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | do all of the above. |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate. |
| Which of the following is not true? | One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
| The cerebellum performs all of the following functions except: | controls cardiac function. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance in the: | cerebellum. |
| All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: | vagus. |
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JudsAcoba