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123 HazMat Chapter10
Implementing Response: Decontamination
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two types of contamination? | Direct and Cross (secondary) contamination. When there is direct contact, or when contamination occurs without contacting the direct source |
| What is the purpose of decon? | to remove the hazardous material from a specific area entirely, or to reduce the levels of contamination to the point where it is no longer harmful. |
| what are the 4 types (not methods) of decon? | gross, emergency, technical, and mass |
| gross decon | where surface contamination is reduced as quickly as possible (in the field) Performed when exposed to smoke/combustion products, before undergoing technical decon, victims during emergency decon, and people requiring mass decon |
| emergency decon | removing the threatening contaminant from the victim or responder asap, without regard to enviro or property protection. |
| technical decon | using chemical or physical methods to remove contaminants from responders (entry team personnel) and their equipment, usually done in a decon line/corridor following gross decon |
| mass decon | decon of large numbers in the fastest time to reduce surface contamination to a safe level, with or without a decon corridor |
| Types of decon operations are influenced by these 4 things: | number of people, type of hazmat involved, weather, personnel/equipment available |
| Summarize the principles of any decon operation in 3 steps | Get it off, keep it off, contain it |
| What are the 2 methods (not types) of decon? | wet, dry, physical, chemical |
| wet | removing contaminant entirely, or dilute it by flushing it with water from a hose line or safety shower |
| dry | used during cold weather operations, has advantage of not creating liquid runoff, must be cautious to not cause material to become airborne. METHODS: vacuuming, brushing, scraping, using sticky tape, or letting the material evaporate and absorption |
| physical | removing material without changing the material chemically METHODS: absorption, adsorption, brushing/scraping, dilution, evaporation, isolation + disposal, washing, and vacuuming. |
| chemical | making contaminant less harmful by changing it through a chemical process. (ie. bleaching equipment), METHODS: chemical degradation, sanitization, disinfection, sterilization, neutralization, and solidification. |
| What are the 12 techniques of technical decon? | absorption, adsorption, brushing/scraping, chemical degradation, dilution, evaporation, isolation and disposal, neutralization, sanitation/disinfection/sterilization, solidification, vacuuming, washing |
| Define ABSORPTION and give examples | picking up liquid contaminants with absorbents, ie. diatomaceous earth, baking powder, ashes, activated carbon, vermiculite |
| Define ADSORPTION and give examples | process in which a haz liquid interacts, or is bound to the surface of a sorbent material (be sure that it is compatible) ie. activated carbon |
| Define BRUSHING and SCRAPING and give examples | technique is used before other types of decon, removes large particles of contaminant. |
| Define CHEMICAL DEGRADATION and give example | the use of a material to change the chemical structure of a hazmat. ie. household bleach neutralizes spills of etiological agents |
| When should EVAPORATION technique be used? | For decon of gaseous materials such as ammonia or other materials with high vapor pressures |
| Define NEUTRALIZATION and give examples | changing the pH of a corrosive, raising it or lowering it towards 7. **should not be performed on living tissue |
| Define SANITATION, DISINFECTION, STERILIZATION | SAN reduces number of microorganisms to a safe level (washing hands), DIS kills most of microorganisms (ie. bleach solution), STER kills all microorganisms by using chemicals, steam, heat, radiation |
| Define SOLIDIFICATION and give examples | treating a hazmat liquid chemically to turn it into a solid |
| Define Vacuum and give examples | using HEPA filter vacuum (high efficiency particulate air) to pull fibers, dusts, powders, and particulates from surfaces |
| Difference between DILUTION and WASHING | Dilution is rinsing with water, Washing is using prepared solutions such as solvents, soap, detergents with water to make contaminant more soluble before rinsing with plain water |
| Ambulatory victims | victims who can understand directions, talk, and walk unassisted |
| Nonambulatory victims | civilians or responders who are unconscious, unresponsive, or unable to move unassisted |
Created by:
jon.kowalski