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Adolescense refers to
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Childhood ends and adolescence begins with a cascade of hormones and
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Adolescense refers to | the end childhood, the begining of sexual maturity. |
| Childhood ends and adolescence begins with a cascade of hormones and | years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation producing a person of adult size, shape, and sexuality. . |
| Puberty produces an adult with | external growth and internal organs, height, emotions, and sexual desires |
| Cortisol levels rise at puberty, and that makes | adolescents quick to react with passion, fury, or ecstasy |
| passion, fury, or ecstasy increase levels of | various hormones |
| When adults react to a young person’s emerging breasts or beards, those reactions evoke adolescent | thoughts and frustrations, which then raise hormone levels, propel physiological development, and trigger more emotions |
| Because of hormones, emotions are more likely to be expressed during adolescence with | shouts and tears which in turn affects everyone’s next reactions |
| internal and external changes of puberty are | cyclical and reciprocal, each affecting the other |
| teenage girls everywhere do not realize | how lovely they are |
| the brain of every living creature responds to environmental changes over the hours, days, and seasons because of | Hormones |
| Puberty interacts with | biorhythms called circadian cycles meaning 24hours |
| at puberty, night may be more energizing, making some teens | wide awake and hungry at midnight but half asleep, with no appetite or energy, all morning |
| Among people who are natural night owls, 15 genes | differ |
| For adolescents early bedtime and early rising are | almost impossible and powerful urge to stay in touch with friends and no sleep causes sleeping in class |
| Sleep deprivation and irregular sleep schedules increase several proven dangers, including | insomnia, nightmares, mood disorders (depression, conduct disorder, anxiety), and falling asleep while driving |
| Sequence of changes of adolescent body growth are uneven. One breast, one foot, or one ear may be | bigger than the other—awkward, but harmless |
| the usual sequence of brain maturation, propelled by hormones that activate the limbic system at puberty, can lead to . | danger |
| the prefrontal cortex matures steadily,To be specific of dangerous risks, advancing | gradually as time goes on. Executive function—long-term planning, postponing gratification, thinking flexibly |
| The limbic system is affected more by ____ than by time and thus grows dramatically in early adolescence | hormones (the HPG axis) |
| Pubertal hormones target the ____ directly | amygdala |
| The instinctual and emotional areas of the adolescent brain develop ahead of | the reflective, analytic areas |
| Puberty means emotional rushes, unchecked by | caution |
| Powerful sensations—______—become compelling. Adolescents brag about being ______ —all conditions that adults try to avoid. | loud music, speeding cars, strong drugs, wasted, smashed, out of their minds |
| Immediate impulses thwart | long-term planning and reflection |
| the prefrontal cortex does not shut down. Actually, it continues | to develop throughout adolescence and beyond. Maturation doesn’t stop, but the emotional hot spots of the brain zoom ahead |
| adolescents are less accurate but notably quicker for another indication that | the limbic system races ahead while the prefrontal cortex slowly matures |
| adolescents may prefer such flooding emotions by choosing to | spend a night without sleep, to eat nothing all day, to exercise in pain, to play music at deafening loudness, to drink until they are “smashed.” |
| When stress, arousal, passion, sensory bombardment, drug intoxication, or deprivation is extreme, the adolescent brain is | flooded with impulses that overwhelm the cortex |
| Rebellion is celebrated by Fawkes who tried to | burn down the British Parliament and destroy the king in 1605 |
| pubertal hormones begin to accelerate sometime between ages 8 and 14, and visible signs of puberty appear | a year later |
| When emotions are intense, especially when friends are nearby, cortisol floods the brain, causing | the prefrontal cortex to shut down |
| Brain immaturity makes teenagers vulnerable to social pressures and stresses, which typically | bombard young people today. Sex drinking and emotional activities, like playing Romeo |
| prefrontal cortex is limited in connections and engagement in | The teenager |
| gray matter from childhood through adolescence is reduced as white matter | increases, in part because pruning during the teen years allows intellectual connections to build |
| Gray matter refers to the cell bodies of neurons, which are | less prominent with age as some neurons are unused |
| Teens seek excitement and pleasure, especially | the social pleasure of a peer’s admiration finds thrill and take dramatic risks that produce social acclaim, risks they would not dare take alone |
| the same reward regions of the brain that are highly activated when peers are watching show decreased activation when | the adolescent’s mother is nearby |
| two insights regarding adolescent growth in general. | First, physiological changes triggered by puberty are dramatic Second, the social context matters—the body and brain of humans respond not only to hormones and physical maturation but also to the friends and family nearby. |
| The long-term upward or downward direction of a certain set of statistical measurements | secular trend |
| As an example of secular trend | over the past two centuries, because of improved nutrition and medical care, children have tended to reach adult height earlier and adult height has increased |
| Another influence on the onset of puberty is | body fat, which itself is partly genetic and partly cultural |
| Malnutrition explains why youths reach puberty | later |
| Some scientists suspect that precocious (before age 8) or delayed (after age 14) puberty may be caused by | hormones in the food supply |
| A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty. Leptin levels increase during childhood and peak at around age 12. | leptin |
| it is known that many hormones and chemicals, both natural and artificial, affect | puberty |
| ___hastens puberty, especially if a child’s parents are sick, drug-addicted, or divorced, or if the neighborhood is violent and impoverished | Stress |
| Developmentalists have known for decades that puberty is influenced by | genes, hormones, and body fat |
| stressful family environmet, obesity or genes can cause | early puberty |
| Several longitudinal studies show a direct link between | stress and puberty |
| according to evolutionary theory: | thousands of years ago, when harsh conditions threatened survival of the species, adolescents needed to reproduce early and often, lest the entire community become extinct |
| Social context matters | For a society’s health, early puberty is problematic: It increases the rate of emotional and behavioral problems |
| Contextual factors interact with biological ones. Peers, parents, and community make off-time puberty | Insignificant or a major problem |
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