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10th Lit
Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| situational irony | occurs when the opposite of what is expected to happen happens. This type of irony is commonly mistaken for something that is simply funny. To be truly ironic, something must be the complete opposite of what was expected to happen. |
| verbal irony | when a character says the opposite of what he/she means |
| dramatic irony | when the reader knows something that the character does not know. This can add suspense to the story. |
| 1st person pt of view | The narrator is a character in the story and refers to himself or herself as “I” |
| 3rd person limited pt of view | The narrator reveals the thoughts of only one character and refers to that character as “he” or “she” |
| 3rd person omniscient pt of view | The narrator knows everything about the story’s events and reveals the thoughts of all characters |
| round | A complex character with many personality traits and who does have many characteristics, high importance, and much depth |
| flat | A character whose personality can be described as having one or two personality traits and who does not have a lot of importance or depth |
| static | Does not undergo any type of inner change (personality/attitude) throughout the text |
| dynamic | Does undergo a type of inner change (personality/attitude) throughout the text |
| man vs man | when the conflict is between two people. |
| man vs nature | when the conflict is between man and an element of nature or the environment. |
| man vs self | when the conflict is between one person and his or her own mind and thoughts. |
| man vs society | when the conflict is between a person and an issue occurring in society. |
| tone | the attitude the writer gives off toward a subject. |
| mood | the feeling the reader has from a text or work of literature. |
| direct characterization | occurs when the author specifically describes a character for the reader. |
| indirect characterization | occurs when the reader has to figure out a character’s image and personality using the character's speech, thoughts, effects on others, actions, or looks. |
| theme | main or central idea in a literary work |
| Unity in nonfiction | When each part of the writing connects and agrees with what comes before. When all details support the main idea. Oneness in a piece of writing. |
| Types of structure in nonfiction | chronological, order of importance, logical, repetition |
| chronological order | When the writer organizes the events in the same order as they occur in time. |
| logical order | When the writer groups related ideas together that are connected to each other and the main idea. |
| order of importance | When the writer arranges the facts relating to the main idea in order of importance. |
| repetition | When the writer says something over and over again. |
| speech | like an essay but spoken out loud to an audience. |
| essay | a short, written piece that examines a single subject. |
| recount | written to retell information or to entertain. |
| report | written to describe or classify a subject with facts. |
| speeches | spoken aloud to an audience, short and deal with a single topic, purpose is to inform the audience about something |
| essays | Short, written piece Examines a single subject Can be formal or informal |
| recounts | Recounts have the following characteristics: Written to retell information or entertain Provides facts in chronological order Tells who, what, when, where, and why |
| nonfiction pamphlet | provides facts or persuade readers. Some examples might include political party pamphlets or medical information pamphlets. |
| examples of nonfiction reports | Encyclopedia Entries and Guide Books both provide facts and describe a subject with facts. They also use technical words related to the subject. |
| ethos | uses the credibility or ethical appeal of a writer or speaker to persuade an audience. |
| pathos | uses words or ideas to influence the audience emotionally; might occur when a speaker or writer presents images of starving children or homeless animals. |
| logos | uses facts, evidence, and statistics to support claims; might occur when a; speaker or writer includes statistics or other pieces of evidence to support his or her claims. |
| bias | the way the audience or reader already feels about a topic or person prior to reading or listening to the person’s ideas. |
| anecdote | a short story used to create a level of friendship or comfort with the audience that serves to make the listeners laugh or think about a topic. |
| propaganda | Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to sway an audience’s opinion about a certain topic or idea Used to promote a certain opinion or point of view. Oftentimes, is misleading but still ends up persuading an audience. |
| example of propaganda | When commercials use celebrities to advertise their products, they hope that the audience will purchase the products simply because the audience wants to be like the celebrity |
| testimonial | a formal approval, or endorsement, by a famous person |
| example of a testimonial | Famous Person X says Y is good, and you like Famous Person X, so you also want Y |
| framing | a type of propaganda that only gives one side of the story and eliminates important information. |
| example of framing | Political surveys that leave out who was surveyed and what was asked (they might only ask people who would give them the responses they want) |
| bandwagon | a type of propaganda that attracts many followers by playing off of people’s desire to be a part of the crowd |
| example of bandwagon | A team starts winning all of the games, so everyone starts liking that particular team, or everyone starts buying a certain purse, so everyone wants that purse |
| stanza | groups of lines that resemble what we call a “paragraph” in a work of prose. |
| couplet | two lines of poetry |
| tercet | three lines of poetry |
| quatrain | four lines of poetry |
| quintain | five lines of poetry |
| sestet | six lines of poetry |
| septet | seven lines of poetry |
| octave | eight lines of poetry |
| alliteration | the repetition of words that have the same first consonant sound either next to each other or close together. |
| symbolism | occurs when an object or idea represents or stands for something else - especially a material object having a deeper meaning. |
| example of symbolism | The color black is dark and represents darkness, fear, or evil. |
| hyperbole | an extreme exaggeration used to create emphasis on the speaker's point. |
| example of hyperbole | "I am starving to death" is an exaggeration because the speaker is most likely not starving to death but using these particular words to express his or her extreme hunger. |
| monometer | one foot per line of poetry |
| dimeter | two feet per line of poetry |
| trimeter | three feet per line of poetry |
| tetrameter | four feet per line of poetry |
| pentameter | five feet per line of poetry |
| hexameter | six feet per line of poetry |
| heptameter | seven per line of poetry |
| iambic feet | occur when a line of verse has a pattern of unstressed, stressed syllables, or u / |
| anapestic feet | occur when a line of verse has a pattern of unstressed, unstressed, stressed syllables, or u u / |
| trochaic feet | occur when a line of verse has a pattern of stressed, unstressed syllables, or / u |
| dactylic feet | occur when a line of verse has a pattern of stressed, stressed, unstressed syllables, or / / u |
| iambic pentameter | There are 5 groups of Iambs (u /): u / u / u / u / u |
| example of iambic pentameter | Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York; - Shakespeare |
| trochaic tetrameter | There are 4 groups of Trochees (/ u): / u / u / u / u |
| example of trochaic tetrameter | And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door - Poe |
| scansion | identifying the syllables that receive stress, or emphasis, and the syllables that do not receive the stress, or emphasis, in order to determine the meter of a poem. |
| dactylic dimeter | There are 2 groups of Dactyls (/ / u): / u u / u u |
| example of dactylic dimeter | half a league, half a league, half a league onward |
| rhyme scheme | the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse. |
| First T in TPCASTT | Title |
| P in TPCASTT | Paraphrase |
| C in TPCASTT | connotation |
| A in TPCASTT | attitude |
| S in TPCASTT | shift |
| Second T in TPCASTT | title revisited |
| Third T in TPCASTT | theme |
| rhyme and rhythm create... | a flow or melody for the reader similar to music. |
| prose | Style that sounds natural and common while using normal grammar |
| verse | Style that expresses emotion through rhythm and figurative language |
| example of prose | He walks down the street quickly. |
| example of verse | Tapping – feet pattered quickly down cobblestone. |
| sonnet | 14 lines Strict Rhyme Scheme (varies depending on sonnet type) Meter of Iambic Pentameter Highly emotional expression from the speaker |
| Types of sonnets | Shakespearean, Petrarchan, and Spenserian |
| Shakespearean sonnet - rhyme scheme | ABAB CDCD EFEF GG |
| Spenserian sonnet - rhyme scheme | ABAB BCBC CDCD EE |
| Petrarchan sonnet - rhyme scheme | ABBAABBA CDEDCD |
| Example of a quatrain | Not from the stars do I my judgement pluck,/ And yet methinks I have astronomy,/ But not to tell of good, or evil luck,/ Of plagues, of dearths, or seasons' quality,/ |
| Example of a couplet | Or else of thee this I prognosticate,/ Thy end is truth's and beauty's doom and date./ |
| simile | comparison of two unlike things using key words such as like, as, then, or resembles |
| volta | provides a conclusion to the problem, question, or scenario from the first part or parts of the poem. |
| descriptive writing | uses an abundance of sensory details, so the reader can clearly picture whatever scene, item, or idea you are describing. |
| descriptive essays | should still have organization through paragraph structure, but think about grouping the ideas based on the item or group of items you are describing. |
| descriptive writing includes | imagery, sensory details, figurative language, show don't tell |
| stock character | A recognizable character type found in many plays |
| chorus | a character or narrator who comes onstage to give a prologue or background information. |
| exposition | the first part in the plot pyramid and reveals who, when, where, and what - the background of the story |
| rising action | a series of relevant incidents that create suspense, interest, and tension in a narrative. In literary works, a rising action includes all decisions, characters' flaws, and background circumstances that together c |
| climax | the highest point on the plot pyramid and often reveals the highest point of suspense or the turning point - where the events take a turn and start to resolve leading to the falling action. |
| denouement | the final part of a play, movie, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved. |
| soliloquy | a long speech made by one actor who is alone onstage |
| Purpose of dramas | to teach the bible stories and scriptures because most people were illiterate. |
| stage directions | tell the actors and actresses what to do, where to go, and how to move props. Stage directions are never spoken out loud. |
| Parts of a drama | acts and scenes |
| Shakespearean Comedy | Features comedic language and love. Often ends in marriage. |
| Shakespearean Tragedy | Features a tragic hero and serious themes. Often ends in death. |
| Shakespearean History | Features real figures from England's history. Exaggerates the characters and events. |
| Aristotle's list for a good drama | Convention, Genre, and Audience |
| allusion | a casual or indirect reference to something else such as another work of literature, a historical event, a biblical story, or mythology. |
| Shakespearean plays usually have __ acts. | five |
| blank verse | instead of having lines that rhyme, like the rhyme scheme that most Shakespearean Sonnets have, there is no rhyme, but the sonnet still has a meter of Iambic Pentameter |
| monologue | a lengthy speech by a single character without another character's response. The character however, is speaking to someone else or even a group of people. |
| metaphor | a comparison not using like or as. |
| antagonist | a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary. |
| protagonist | the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text. |
| there | in, at, or to that place or position. |
| their | belonging to or associated with the people or things previously mentioned or easily identified. |
| they're | contraction for they are |
| to | a preposition with several meanings, including “toward” and “until.” |
| too | an adverb that can mean “excessively” or “also.” |
| two | equivalent to the sum of one and one; one less than three; 2. |
| affect | have an effect on; make a difference to. |
| effect | a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause. |
| argumentative essay | written to persuade the reader to believe a certain idea or to make a change. |
| thesis statement | reveals an idea or opinion and provides a reason as to why this opinion is present. The thesis statement does not use any personal pronouns. |
| opposition paragraph | in an Argumentative Essay, identifies and defends against ideas or arguments that might go against your argument (as a defense). |
| types of informative essays | definition, cause and effect, opposing sides, and process |
| biography | the story of someone's life written by someone else. |
| historical fiction | narrative nonfiction based on real people or events but might include fictional characters or situations. |
| memoir | focuses on one specific time period or portion of someone's life and is written by that particular person |
| autobiography | provides information covering the entire span of a person's life written by that particular person. |
| diary | a record of events or information that is always personal or private in nature. |
| journal | a record of events or information that does not have to be personal, emotional, or private in nature. |
| reliable narrator | someone that you can trust to tell you the truth of a narrative. |
| Parts of narrative writing | characters, plot, setting, conflict, thesis, and organization |
| internal rhyme | the rhyming of words within a line of poetry. Since "lie" and "cry" both rhyme and appear within one line, Internal Rhyme occurs. |
| eye rhyme | when two words appear to rhyme because of spelling, but they don't actually rhyme. Since "bough" and "rough" have similar spellings but don't actually rhyme, Eye Rhyme occurs. |
| slant rhyme | when two words share a vowel sound (assonance) or consonant sound (consonance) and appear to rhyme due to the sharing of sounds but do not actually rhyme. |
| parts of a ballad | plot, repetition/refrain, simple tune/rhyme, composed of quatrains |
| ballad | dramatizes a single event, based on actual events, contains dialogue, suggests wisdom or a lesson |
| typical rhyme scheme of a ballad | ABCB or ABAB |
| lyric | usually short, do not normally tell a story, about the internal thoughts of the speaker, often written in 1st person |
| possible themes of lyric poetry | loss of love, unrequited love, loss of youth |
| elegy | a poem type written to commemorate or honor the dead. |
| ode | a poem that expresses a strong feeling of love or respect to a person or object. |
| pastoral | poems that present an idealized vision of country or shepherding life. |
| tragedy | a drama that reveals the downfall of a basically good person through some fatal error or bad choice. |
| Tragedy makes an audience feel... | A true tragedy should make the audience feel pity and fear in response to pain and suffering that ends in relief through catharsis. |
| catharsis | In a tragedy, it is the purging or cleansing of emotions by allowing ourselves to feel. |
| tragic hero | must be a good person because the downfall of an good person stirs audience compassion. |
| hamartia | the fatal, tragic flaw that the tragic hero has. |
| Aristotle says a tragedy should have... | plot, characters, theme, diction, song, spectacle |
| denouement | the last part of the plot pyramid for a tragedy, so the denouement of a tragedy resolves the problem created during the incentive moment. |
| How many acts do Greek tragedies usually feature? | three |
| protasis | the first act that introduces the character and the poor choice or decision that leads to his or her downfall. |
| epitasis | the name of the second act that shows the protagonist trying to fix the problem he or she created but only making matters worse. |
| catastrophe | the name of the third act that shows the climax and the resolution. |
| hubris | excessive pride or stubbornness that leads to the tragic hero's downfall. |
| Does the tragic hero die at the end of a Greek tragedy? | In a Greek Tragedy, the tragic hero does not have to die at the end, but he or she must undergo a change in fortune. |
| diction in a Greek tragedy | the order of words used to engage the viewer/listener. |
| anagnorisis | the revelation or recognition the tragic hero experiences about human fate, destiny, and the will of the gods. |
| purpose of chorus in Greek drama | to comment on themes, to summarize information, to provide background information, to express the hidden thoughts that actors could not say |
| classical allusion | a reference to a mythological story. |
| Biblical allusion | A reference to a biblical story |
| literary allusion | a reference to a work of literature |
| peripeteia | the term for "a reversal of fortune" in Greek Tragedies. |
| nemesis | the term for "a fate that cannot be avoided" in Greek Tragedies. |
| Deux Ex Machina | "a god from the machine." The phrase refers to the use of artificial means to resolve the plot of a play. |
| myths | stories that serve as religious texts for certain people groups. They explain the occurrence of a natural phenomena and also might explain gods and goddesses. |
| legends | historical tales that teach human values or morals and are often regarded as true but cannot be proven. |
| proverbs | composed of a short phrase or phrases and teaches lessons on how to live live properly. |
| fable | Although other stories might include animals as characters, fables use animals as characters to teach lessons. |
| fairy tale | feature conflicts between good and evil with magic to create a happy ending. |
| tall tales | features extraordinary main characters and exaggerations of actual events. |
| trickster tales | Trickster Tales feature a clever animal who plays tricks on other characters |
| active voice | The subject always performs the action. |
| passive voice | When the sentence is worded in a confusing manner, making the object of the sentence seem as if it is the subject. |
| example of active voice | Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. |
| example of passive voice | At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry |
| Where is end punctuation in an in-text citation? | after the in-text citation, not before |
| What is included in an in-text citation? | author's last name and page number |
| MLA stands for | Modern Language Association |
Created by:
natalieburch