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Bio 181 exam 3 study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. | True |
| The cell body refers to the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. | False |
| The central nervous system contains: | There is no correct answer |
| Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. | False |
| Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells. | False |
| The terminal web: | Is a site of exocytosis. |
| Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid. | False |
| The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. | False |
| In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is: | Calcium ions |
| Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor. | False |
| The neural tissues are: | Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain |
| Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes. | True |
| Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire. | False |
| Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. | False |
| List 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. | Microfilm: cleans up cellular debris Astrocytes: support and repair neurons Schwann cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS Satellite: form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS |
| Acetylcholine exocytosis from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell. | True |
| How do the glial cells(I.e. myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? | Provides insulation for the axons. |
| Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons. | True |
| When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, they synapse area is called a motor end plate. | True |
| The resting potential of neurons is | -60 mV |
| The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K-ATPase pump. | True |
| The autonomic nervous system contain the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. | True |
| Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. | False |
| Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. | The action potential originated from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. |
| The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. | False |
| The action potential is: | A result of the movement of ions. |
| The post-synaptic cell can be: | In glands, muscle cells, neurons |
| Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of post-synaptic cell. | True |
| Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormone/endocrine glands in the body are involved? | Osteoporosis; parathyroid |
| Explain how insulin and glucose regulate the balance (I.e. homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine( I.e. adrenaline) in not involved. | Blood glucose rises, b-cells of the pancreas release insulin, insulin stimulates cells to use glucose and convert glucose to glycogen and fat/ blood glucose falls, pancreas stops releasing insulin, cells use glycogen and fat for energy/ blood glucose fall |
| Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen? | Body wastes away tissue and organ damage. |
| When the sympathetic nervous system is triggered, glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. | True |
| When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic nervous system. |
| The parasympathetic nervous system is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine. | False |
| Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. | True |
| Insulin is produced by alpha cells. | False |
| What could stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? | The adrenal glands trigger the release of glucose stored in various organs, which often leads to elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream. |
| Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol. | True |
| Vitamin D is really a hormone. | True |
| Insulin is a ligand. | True |
| The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (I.e. adrenaline). | True |
| To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are... | Valves |
| The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle. | True |
| The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system. | True |
| When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system? | Diaphragmatic muscles |
| When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume. | False |
| To slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen. | True |
| The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node. | True |
| The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of the other cavity? | Pleural cavity |
| To slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood. | True |
| When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. | True |
| Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells. | False |
| The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large. | True |
| When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting. | True |
| The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. | True |
| Red blood cells carry co2 back to the lungs. | False |
| When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system? | 2 |
| In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. | True |
| There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by... | Myoglobin |
| The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood. | False |
| The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure. | False |
| In mammals ventilation is tidal. | True |
| The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the... | Sinoatrial node |
| Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs. | True |
| The inspiratory and expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs. | False |
| What does carbonic anhydrase do? | Converts co2 and h2o into h2co3...carbonic acid, which is eventually broken down bicarbonate and hydrogen ions Speeds conversion of co2 to h2co3 |
| What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin? | 4 |
| Unlike other epithelial the epithelial that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations. | True |
| Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by: | The circulatory system |
| When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise blood pressure. Explain this process. | 1. Kidney releases renin 2. Renin activates angiotensin 3. Angiotensin causes vessels to constrict 4. Arterial pressure rises |
| The heart contains two circuits, name them. | Pulmonary and systemic |
| Veins and ventricles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not. | True |
| The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP. | True |
| Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries. | False |
| The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. | False |
| Once inside the circulatory system _________is the molecule that binds oxygen. | Hemoglobin |
| The Bowman’s capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the vortex of the kidney. | True |
| Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the golmerulus into the Bowman’s capsule. | True |
| The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day. | True |
| The kidney controls the water balance in the body. | True |
| What happens to nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly? | Your nervous system will stimulate contraction of the afferent arterioles, reducing urine production. If further measures are needed your nervous system can also activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone system that regulates blood pres |
| Toxins include urea( in mammals) is drive. Out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule. | True |
| Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. | True |
| In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials. | True |
| The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. | True |
| Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus. | False |
| The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds. | True |
| Urine leaves our body through the urethra. | True |
| The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the ________and this enters the _________ _________. | Ureter, urinary bladder |
| The Bowman’s capsule is the beginning of the nephron. | True |
| Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman’s capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman’s capsule. | False |
| Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney | Regulating acid-based balance, electrolyte concentration, extra cellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. |
| The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine. | True |
| The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine. | False |
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