Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
urinary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The kidneys filter blood of wastes and excrete them into a fluid called? | Urine |
| What is the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidneys? | Nephrology |
| The branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is called? | Urology |
| What do kidneys do? | regulate blood volume and composition; help regulate blood pressure, pH, and glucose levels; produce two hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin); and excrete wastes in urine. |
| What do ureters do? | transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder. |
| What does urinary bladder do? | stores urine and expels it into urethra. |
| What does the urethra do? | discharges urine from body. |
| Some wastes excreted in urine result from | metabolic reactions |
| What nitrogenous wastes are waste products because they contain nitrogen? | Urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, and urobilin |
| How do the kidneys adjust blood volume? | By conserving or eliminating water in the urine. |
| The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure by secreting which enzyme? | renin |
| Increased renin causes: | increased blood pressure |
| The kidneys produce which two hormones? | calcitrol and erythropoietin |
| What is it called where the ureter emerges from the kidney along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves? | renal hilum |
| What is a floating kidney, is an inferior displacement or dropping of the kidney called? | Nephroptosis |
| What serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the shape of the kidney? | renal capsule |
| What also protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity.? | adipose capsule |
| Together, the renal cortex and renal pyramids of the renal medulla constitute the functional portion of the kidney called? | parenchyma |
| What are the 1 million microscopic structures in the kidney? | nephrons |
| Each nephron receives one afferent arteriole, which divides into a tangled, ball-shaped capillary network called? | glomerulus |
| What carries blood out of the glomerulus? | efferent arteriole |
| the glomeruli are considered part of which two systems? | the cardiovascular and the urinary |
| The efferent arterioles divide to form what capillaries? | the peritubular capillaries |
| What supply tubular portions of the nephron in the renal medulla? | vasa recta |
| Blood leaves the kidney through which vein, that exits at the renal hilum and carries venous blood to the inferior vena cava? | renal vein |
| Renal nerves are part of which system? | the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
| Nephron consists of which two parts? | renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| The two components of a renal corpuscle are | glomerulus and glomerular capsule |
| What does convoluted mean? | the tubule is tightly coiled rather than straight. |
| The distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into what? | a single collecting duct |
| What connects the proximal and distal convoluted tubules? | nephron loop |
| What makes up about 80-85% nephrons? | cortical nephrons |
| The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule consists of which layers? | visceral and parietal layers |
| What helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys? | juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
| What cells have receptors for both antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone, two hormones that regulate their functions.? | principal cells |
| What cells play a role in the homeostasis of blood pH? | Intercalated cells |
| Any increase in kidney size is due solely to what? | the growth of individual nephrons. |
| nephrons and collecting ducts perform three basic processes such as: | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion |
| What process removes a substance from the blood? | tubular secretion |
| The fluid that enters the capsular space is called? | glomerular filtrate |
| The fraction of blood plasma in the afferent arterioles of the kidneys that becomes glomerular filtrate is called? | filtration fraction. |
| What sandwichlike assembly permits filtration of water and small solutes but prevents filtration of most plasma proteins and blood cells? | filtration membrane |
| Glomerular endothelial cells are quite leaky because they have what? | large fenestrations |
| What contractile cells help regulate glomerular filtration? | mesangial cells |
| What layer of acellular material between the endothelium and the podocytes, consists of minute collagen fibers and negatively charged glycoproteins.? | basement membrane |
| What extends across each filtration slit and permits the passage of molecules having a diameter smaller than 0.006–0.007? | slit membrane |
| What is the use of pressure to force fluids and solutes through a membrane? | filtration |
| Glomerular filtration depends on what three main pressures? | Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP), Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP), Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), |
| What is the total pressure that promotes filtration? | net filtration pressure NFP |
| The amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute is called? | glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
| The mechanisms that regulate glomerular filtration rate operate in two main ways: | by adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus and (2) by altering the glomerular capillary surface area available for filtration |
| What three mechanisms control GFR? | renal autoregulation, neural regulation, and hormonal regulation. |
| Renal autoregulation and consists of what two mechanisms? | the myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback. |
| What occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent arterioles? | myogenic mechanism |
| Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction through the activation of what? | a1 receptors |
| α1 receptors are particularly plentiful in the smooth muscle fibers of what arterioles? | afferent arterioles |
| This lowering of renal blood flow has two consequences: | (1) It reduces urine output (2) It permits greater blood flow to other body tissues. |
| What reduces GFR? | Angiotensin II |
| What increases GFR? | atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| Apical membrane contacts which fluid? | tubular fluid |
| Basolateral membrane contacts which fluid? | interstitual fluid |
| Fluid can leak between the cells in a passive process known as? | paracellular reabsorption |
| What membrane proteins that move two or more substances in the same direction across a membrane? | symporters |
| WHat is it that moves two or more substances in opposite directions across a membrane? | antiporters |
| Water reabsorbed with solutes in tubular fluid is termed ? | obligatory water reabsorption |
| Facultative water reabsorption is regulated by antidiuretic hormone and occurs mainly in the what? | collective ducts |
| When the blood concentration of glucose is above 200 mg/mL, the renal symporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all the glucose that enters the glomerular filtrate. As a result, some glucose remains in the urine, a condition called ? | glucosuria |
| The fluid that drains from papillary ducts into the renal pelvis is called? | urine |
| The largest amount of solute and water reabsorption from filtered fluid occurs in the ? | proximal convoluted tubules |
| Most solute reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) involves ? | Na+ |
| Na+ symporters are located where? | apical membrane. |
| What do PCT cells produce that's needed to keep the antiporters running ? | H+ |
| The nephron loop thus sets the stage for independent regulation of both what? | volume and osmolarity of body fluids. |
| The movement of positively charged K+ into the tubular fluid through the apical membrane channels leaves the interstitial fluid and blood with what charges? | negative |
| Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl− occurs by means of ? | Na+–Cl− symporters |
| The principal cells reabsorb___ and secrete ___ | Na+ and K+ |
| What 5 hormones affect the extent of Na+, Ca2+, and water reabsorption as well as K+ secretion by the renal tubules? | angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and parathyroid hormone. |
| Juxtaglomerular cells secrete which enzyme when blood volume and blood pressure decrease, the walls of the afferent arterioles are stretched less? | renin |
| Angiotensin II affects renal physiology in what three main ways: | It decreases the glomerular filtration, It enhances reabsorption of Na+, It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone |
| Within principal cells are tiny vesicles containing many copies of a water channel protein known as : | aquaporin-2 |
| What system involving ADH regulates facultative water reabsorption ? | negeative feedback system |
| When the body is dehydrated, the concentration of ADH in the blood ____ | increases |
| When the body is overhydrated (too much water intake), the concentration of ADH in the blood _______ | decreases |
| ANP also suppresses the secretion of _____ and _____ | aldosterone and ADH. |
| a lower than normal level of Ca2+ in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release_________ | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| What controls whether dilute urine or concentrated urine is formed? | ADH |
| The ability of ADH to cause excretion of concentrated urine depends on the presence of an _________ of solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla. | osmostic gradient |
| What are the three major solutes that contribute to this high osmolarity? | Na+, Cl−, and urea. |
| What is the flow of fluid in opposite directions called? | countercurrent |
| Two types of countercurrent mechanisms exist in the kidneys: | countercurrent multiplication and countercurrent exchange. |
| What are substances that slow renal reabsorption of water and thereby cause diuresis, an elevated urine flow rate, which in turn reduces blood volume? | diuretics |
| What is an analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine called? | urinalysis |
| What makes the color of urine? | urochrome (pigment produced from breakdown of bile) and urobilin (from breakdown of hemoglobin) |
| Typical solutes normally present in urine include filtered and secreted electrolytes that are not reabsorbed called: | urea, creatinine , uric acid , urobilinogen , and small quantities of other substances, such as fatty acids, pigments, enzymes, and hormones. |
| What test measures the blood nitrogen that is part of the urea resulting from catabolism and deamination of amino acids? | blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test |
| what results from catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle? | plasma creatinine |
| What is the volume of blood that is “cleaned” or cleared of a substance per unit of time? | renal plasma clearnace |
| What is the separation of large solutes from smaller ones by diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane? | dialysis |
| When directly filtering the patient’s blood by removing wastes and excess electrolytes and fluid and then returning the cleansed blood to the patient is called? | hemodialysis |
| What dialysis uses the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity as the dialysis membrane to filter the blood? | peritoneal dialysis |
| What transports urine from the renal pelvis of one kidney to the urinary bladder? | ureters |
| What pushes urine toward the urinary bladder, but hydrostatic pressure and gravity also contribute? | peristaltic contractions |
| What layer of areolar connective tissue contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that serve the muscularis and mucosa? | adventitia |
| The prostatic urethra contains: | the openings of (1) ducts that transport secretions from the prostate and (2) the seminal vesicles and ductus (vas) deferens, |
| What gland empties into the spongy urethra? | bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands |
| What is a lack of voluntary control over micturition called? | urinary incontinence |
| What is the most common type of incontinence in young and middle-aged females, and results from weakness of the deep muscles of the pelvic floor? | Stress incontinence |
| What is the most common type of incontinence in older people and is characterized by an abrupt and intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine? | Urge incontinence |
| What incontinence refers to the involuntary leakage of small amounts of urine caused by some type of blockage or weak contractions of the musculature of the urinary bladder? | overflow incontinence |
| What incontinence is caused by urine loss resulting from the inability to get to a toilet facility in time as a result of conditions such as stroke, severe arthritis, or Alzheimer’s disease? | functional incontinence |
| Three pairs of kidneys form within the intermediate mesoderm in succession: | the pronephros, the mesonephros, and the metanephros |
| During development, The first kidney to form and is the most superior of the three and has an associated pronephric duct is called? | the pronephros |
| The second kidney during development that replaces the pronephros is called? | the mesonephros |
| What is the condition called when only one kidney develops (usually the right) due to the absence of a ureteric bud? | unilateral renal agenesis |
| What is it called when the crystals of salts present in urine occasionally precipitate and solidify into insoluble stones ? | renal calculi or kidney stones |
| What is the procedure that uses high-energy shock waves to disintegrate kidney stones and offers an alternative to surgical removal? | Shock-wave lithotripsy |
| What is an inflammation of the kidney that involves the glomeruli? | Glomerulonephritis |
| What is a decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration called? | Renal failure |
| What is the procedure for direct examination of the mucosa of the urethra and urinary bladder and prostate in males called? | cystoscopy |
Created by:
rscott3