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EMT Module #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four levels of EMS certification available from NREMT? | Emergency Medical Responder (EMR), Emergency Medical Technician (EMT), Advanced EMT (AEMT), and Paramedic |
| What is "Scope of Practice?" | The actions and/or care that you are legally allowed to perform based on your licensure and/or certification level |
| What are the three EMS Delivery Models? | Fire Based, Third-Service (Private), and Hospital Based |
| When someone calls 911, their call is transferred to a _______________ ________________ Answering Point. | Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) |
| In an EMS system, who is ultimately responsible for all patient care that is delivered in the field? | The EMS Medical Director |
| What are the two different types of Medical Direction? | On-Line and Off-Line |
| What is an example of On-Line Medical Direction? | Directly talking to an Emergency Physician via a phone or a radio |
| What is an example of Off-Line Medical Direction? | Standing orders or medical protocols that have already been approved by the medical director |
| What is always your primary concern on any EMS or Fire call? | Your personal safety |
| What is Rule 1? | DO NO HARM! |
| What are Ethics? | Ethics refers to rules provided by an external source (codes of conduct, religion, etc..) |
| What are Morals? | Morals refers to an individual's own principles regarding right and wrong |
| What organization defines the EMS Scope of Practice? | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) |
| What is the "Standard of Care?" | It is the care that is expected to be provided by an emergency care worker |
| What are the different types of consent? | Expressed, Informed, Implied, Involuntary, and Emancipated Minor |
| Does a patient have the right to refuse care even if it will result in death? | Yes, as long as the patient is mentally competent |
| What is a DNR? | It is a legal document that allows a patient to decline and life saving intervention in the event of respiratory or cardiac arrest |
| What is negligence? | It is an act or omission (failure to act) by a medical professional that deviates from the accepted medical standard of care |
| What are the four elements to determine negligence? | Duty to Act, Breach of Duty, Damages and Causation |
| What is abandonment? | It occurs when you stop the treatment of a patient without properly transferring patient care to a provider trained at your level or higher |
| What is assault? | It is the willful threat to inflict harm on a patient. This can occur without actually touching the patient |
| What is battery? | It is the unlawful touching of a patient |
| What is false imprisonment? | It is when you intentionally transport a mentally competent patient without their consent or you fail to allow a competent patient to withdraw from treatment when he/she desires to do so |
| What is slander? | It is the speaking of false information that damages a person's character, reputation, or standing within a community |
| What is libel? | It is the writing or mass-media delivering of false information that damages a person's character, reputation, or standing within a community |
| What is HIPAA? | It is the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of 1996. It gives patients more control over their health care information and limits the ways that information is stored and shared |
| What are Good Samaritan Laws? | It is a law that protects a person who is not being paid for their service from liability for delivering medical care that are performed in good faith, except in cases of gross negligence. |
| Define the Anatomical Position: | The patient is standing upright, directly facing you, with their feet flat on the ground and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward. |
| What is the Frontal (Coronal) Plane? | It is an anatomical plane that divides the human body in a front and back portions. |
| What is the Transverse Plane? | It is an anatomical plane that divides the human body in a top and bottom portions. |
| What is the Sagittal Plane? | It is an anatomical plane that divides the human body in left and right portions. |
| What does "Anterior" mean? | It is a directional term that means the front of the body - it is also known as Ventral |
| What does "Posterior" mean? | It is a directional term that means the back of the body - it is also known as Dorsal |
| What does "Superior" mean? | It is a directional term that means towards the patient's head |
| What does "Inferior" mean? | It is a directional term that means toward the patient's feet |
| What does "Abduction" mean? | It refers to motion away from the midline of the body |
| What does "Adduction" mean? | It refers to motion towards the midline of the body |
| What does "Extension" mean? | It refers to the straightening of a joint |
| What does "Flexion" mean? | It refers to the bending of a joint |
| The abdomen is broken down into how many quadrants? | Four, Left Upper, Left Lower, Right Upper and Right Lower |
| A patient lying face down is said to be in the: | Prone Position |
| A patient lying face up is said to be in the: | Supine Position |
| A patient sitting in a 45-60 degree with their knees bent is said to be in the: | Fowler's Position |
| A patient lying on their left side is said to be in the: | Recovery Position (Also known as the left lateral recumbent position) |
| What does the root word "Cardi" mean? | Heart |
| What does the root word "Hepat" mean? | Liver |
| What does the root word "Nephr" mean? | Kidney |
| What does the root word "Neur" mean? | Nerve |
| What does the root word "Psych" mean? | Mental status/behavior |
| What does the root word "Thorac" mean? | Chest |
| What does the root word "Pulmon" mean? | Lungs |
| What does the root word "Cerebr" mean? | Brain |
| What does the root word "Cephal" mean? | Head |
| What does the prefix "a" mean? | Without |
| What does the prefix "ab" mean? | Away from |
| What does the prefix "ad" mean? | To, toward |
| What does the prefix "Brady" mean? | Slow |
| What does the prefix "Dys" mean? | Difficult, painful, abnormal |
| What does the prefix "Hyper" mean? | Over, excessive, high |
| What does the prefix "Hypo" mean? | Under, below normal |
| What does the prefix "Para" mean? | Near, beside, beyond, apart from |
| What does the prefix "Tachy" mean? | Fast |
| What does the suffix "Al" mean? | Pertaining to |
| What does the suffix "Algia" mean? | Pertaining to pain |
| What does the suffix "Ectomy" mean? | Surgical removal |
| What does the suffix "Itis" mean? | Inflammation |
| What does the suffix "Logy" mean? | Study of |
| What does the suffix "Logist" mean? | Specialist |
| What does the suffix "Megaly" mean? | Enlargement |
| What does the suffix "Oma" mean? | Tumor (usually referring to cancer) |
| What does the suffix "Pathy" mean? | Disease |
| What is associated with the axial skeletal system? | The skull/facial bones, the vertebral column (spine), and the thoracic cage (rib cage) |
| What is associated with the appendicular skeletal system? | The arms (and hands), legs (and feet), connection points for the arms and legs, and the pelvis |
| The skull is made up of what four bones? | The Occiput, Temple, Parietal and Frontal bones |
| What is the name of the hole at the base of the skull in which the spinal cord emerges from? | The foramen magnum |
| What is the name of the bone found in the upper jaw? | Maxillae |
| What is the name of the bone found in the lower jaw? | Mandible |
| How many bones (vertebrae) make up the spinal column? | 33 |
| How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine? | 7 |
| How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine? | 12 |
| How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine? | 5 |
| How many vertebrae are in the sacral spine? | 5 |
| How many vertebrae are in the coccygeal spine? | 4 |
| The bone found in the midline anterior chest to which the ribs attach to is called the? | Sternum |
| What are the three parts of the sternum? | The manubrium (superior part), body (middle & biggest part), and the xiphoid process (most inferior part of the sternum) |
| What are the two types of basic joints in the body? | Hinge and Ball & Socket |
| What three bones make up the shoulder girdle? | The clavicle, scapula, and the humerus |
| What is another common name for the clavicle? | Collarbone |
| The bone found in each upper arm is the? | Humerus |
| The two bones found in each lower arm are the? | Radius and Ulna |
| The medical term for your fingers is? | Phalanges |
| The long bone found in each upper leg is called the? | Femur |
| The knee cap is also known as the? | Patella |
| The two bones found in each lower leg are the? | Tibia and Fibula |
| What are the three types of muscle found in our body? | Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac |
| Ligaments attach? | Bone to Bone |
| Tendons attach? | Muscle to Bone |
| The respiratory system is divided into two systems, the _________________ and __________________ airway. | Upper, Lower |
| The upper airway starts at the _______________________ and _______________________ and ends at the _________________________. | Mouth and nose, Larynx (includes the larynx) |
| The lower airway starts at the _______________________ and ends at the ___________________. | Larynx, Alveoli |
| The trachea splits into the left and right main bronchi at the ___________________. | Carina |
| The left lung has _________ lobes and the right light has _________ lobes. | 2, 3 (but the are the same size) |
| Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs? | In the alveoli |
| What is the primary muscle of breathing? | The diaphragm |
| When you inhale, your diaphragm _____________________ downward. | Contracts |
| When you exhale, your diaphragm _____________________ and decreases the size of the chest cavity. | Relaxes |
| The mechanical process of moving gas in and out of your body is termed? | Ventilation |
| The exchange of gasses inside of your body is termed? | Respiration |
| What are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system? | The systemic and the pulmonary circuits |
| Arteries always move blood ___________ from the heart. | Away |
| Veins always move blood ___________ the heart. | Toward |
| Most of the time, arteries carry blood that is oxygen ___________________. | Enriched |
| Most of the time, veins carry blood that is oxygen _____________________. | Deficient |
| What is the only artery that carries oxygen deficient blood? | The pulmonary artery |
| What is the only vein that carries oxygen enriched blood? | The pulmonary veins |
| The heart is made up of how many chambers? | 4 |
| The two top chambers of the heart are known as the? | Atriums |
| The two lower chambers of the heart are known as the? | Ventricles |
| The hearts ability to initiate an electrical impulse on its own is known as? | Automaticity |
| What is considered the normal pacemaker of the heart? | The Sinoatrial (SA) node |
| What is the normal firing rate of the SA node? | 60-100 beats per minute |
| What is the normal firing rate of the AV node? | 40-60 beats per minute |
| What is the normal firing rate of the Purkinje System? | 20-40 beats per minute |
| The amount of blood the ventricles pump out with each contraction is known as the? | Stroke Volume |
| What is the equation for Cardiac Output? | Stroke Volume X Heart Rate |
| The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is known as the? | Pulse pressure |
| The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction is known as the _____________________ pressure. | Systolic |
| The pressure within the arteries during ventricular relaxation is known as the _____________________ pressure. | Diastolic |
| The diaphragm of the stethoscope is used to auscultate ____________ frequency sounds. | High |
| The bell of the stethoscope is used to auscultate ______________ frequency sounds. | Low |
| The eartips on a stethoscope should always be pointed? | Forward |
| The five distinct sounds that you listen for while obtaining a patient's blood pressure are called the ____________________ sounds. | Korotkoff |
| What are the five Korotkoff sounds? | 1st: Snapping, 2nd: Swooshing, 3rd: Tapping, 4th: Thumping (muting), 5th: Silence |
| A heart rate about 100 beats per minute in an adult is termed? | Tachycardia |
| A heart rate less than 60 beats per minutes in an adult is termed? | Bradycardia |
| Norman capillary refill time is less than __________ seconds. | 2 |
| The medical term for "open" or "to make larger" is: | Dilated |
| The medical term for "smaller" is: | Constricted |
| Normal pupil size in bright light is: | 2-4 mm |
| Normal pupil size in low light is: | 4-8 mm |
| The acronym that we is to assess a patient's level of consciousness is? | AVPU (A=Alert, V=Verbal, P=Painful, U=Unresponsive) |
| High blood pressure is also known as? | Hypertension |
| Low blood pressure is also known as? | Hypotension |
| At what systolic pressure is the patient considered to have hypertension? | Above 140 mmHg |
| At what diastolic pressure is the patient considered to have hypertension? | Above 90 mmHg |
| At what systolic pressure is an adult patient considered to be hypotensive? | Less than 90 mmHg |
| What are the normal heart sounds? | S1 and S2 |
| What produces the S1 heart sound? | The closing of the tricuspid and mitral heart valves |
| What produces the S2 heart sound? | The closing of the aortic and pulmonic heart valves |
| What heart sounds are considered abnormal? | S3 and S4 |
| What part of the blood carries oxygen? | The Red Blood Cell (RBC) - also known as an erythrocyte - In a RBC, the hemoglobin is the actual molecule that carries oxygen |
| How many molecules of oxygen can one molecule of hemoglobin carry? | Four |
| What part of the blood fights infection? | White Blood Cells (WBC's) - also known as leukocytes |
| What part of the blood forms blood clots? | The Platelets - also known as thrombocytes |
| What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? | The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems |
| What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)? | The brain and the spinal cord |
| What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | The Somatic and Autonomic branches |
| The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the? | Fight of flight (things speed up) |
| The parasympathetic nervous system is also known as the? | Feed or breed (things slow down) |
| What are the three layers of the skin? | Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous |
| The abdomen is divided into how many quadrants? | Four |
| The space behind the abdomen is called the? | Retroperitoneal cavity (this is where the kidneys and pancreas are) |
| Endocrine glands control much of what happens in the body via what substance? | Hormones |
| Body mechanics | Application of the study of muscles and body movement (kinesiology) to the use of the body and to the prevention and correction of problems related to posture and lifting. |
| Emergency move | A patient move that should be performed when there is immediate danger to the patient or to the rescuer. |
| Kyphosis | Abnormal curvature of the spine with convexity backward. Also called slouch. |
| Lordosis | Abnormal anterior convexity of the spine. Also called swayback. |
| Nonurgent move | A patient move made when no immediate threat to life exists. |
| Power grip | Recommended gripping technique. The palm and fingers come in complete contact with the object and all fingers are bent at the same angle. |
| Power lift | Recommended technique for lifting. Feet are apart, knees bent, back and abdominal muscles tightened, back as straight as possible, lifting force driven through heels and arches, upper body rising before hips. |
| Urgent move | A patient move made because there is an immediate threat to life because of the patient’s condition and the patient must be moved quickly for transport. |
| What governing body usually issues a license to practice? | The state in which you function in. For example, NREMT will issue you a "certification" but the State of Texas will issue you a license. |
| In order to receive renewal of your EMS certification or license, what must you complete? | Most governing bodies require you to have so many hours of continuing education and you have demonstrated proficiency on your psychomotor skill set |
| Base station | The central dispatch and coordination area of an EMS communications system that ideally is in contact with all other elements of the system |
| Closed-ended question | A question that requires only a “yes” or “no” answer |
| Communication | A dynamic process that incorporates verbal and nonverbal expressions into meaningful messages that are received and interpreted by others |
| Decoder | Device that recognizes and responds to only certain codes imposed on radio broadcasts |
| Decoding | Process by which a received message is translated and interpreted |
| Defense mechanisms | Psychological coping strategies individuals use to protect themselves from unwanted feelings or thoughts |
| Encoder | Device that breaks down sound waves into unique digital codes for radio transmission |
| Encoding | Process of converting information into a message |
| Feedback | Any information that an individual receives about his behavior |
| Gestures | Nonverbal body movements that convey meaning to others |
| Intimate zone | An American culture, the space within less than 1 1/2 feet of an individual |
| Leading questions | Questions that suggest an answer guided by the individual who is asking the question |
| Mobile data terminal | Device that is mounted in the cab of an ambulance, receives a signal from a digital radio, and displays the information on the terminal screen. Some mobile data terminals will also print a hard copy of the information |
| Open-ended questions | Questions that allow the patient to give a detailed response in his own words |
| Repeaters | Devices that receive transmissions from a relatively low- powered source such as a mobile or portable radio and rebroadcast them at another frequency and a higher power |
| What is a simplex radio system? | A radio system where only one person can talk at a time and you have to push a button to talk |
| What is a duplex radio system? | A radio system where two people can talk simultaneously (like your home phone) |
| What is a multiplex radio system? | A radio system that allows two people to talk and you can send data at the same time |
| If you receive a medical order during a radio consult with a hospital and you cannot hear or didn't understand the order, what do you do? | Have the physician repeat the radio order and then repeat it back to them for clarification |
| All radio operations in the US are regulated by the: | FCC (Federal Communication Commission) |
| What radio frequency is better for long distance transmission over land? | VHF (Very High Frequency) |
| What radio frequency is better for use in the city where there is a lot of concrete and tall buildings? | UHF (Ultra High Frequency) |
| According to HIPPA, what parts of your medical documentation should only be shared with those in direct care/patient transfer? | Any and all of the information - it is a violation to disclose any patient information to someone not involved in the care of the patient |
Created by:
kevinakers