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Nerves
Anatomy - nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system has two principal divisions called the central nervous system and the | peripheral nervous system |
| The central nervous system consists of the brain and the | spinal cord |
| The peripheral nervous system has sensory receptors located in | sense organs |
| There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of | cranial nerves |
| Nerve impulses from the central nervous system are transmitted to glands and | muscles |
| The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the somatic division and | autonomic division |
| Sensory nerves are also known as | afferent |
| Motor nerves are also known as* | efferent |
| The first activity in the body's response to stimulus is called | reception |
| receptor (receptor end of a dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ) | sensitive to an internal or external change |
| sensory neuron (dendrite, cell, body, and axon of a sensory (afferent) neuron) | transmits nerve impulse from the receptor to the brain or spinal cord |
| interneuron (dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord) | serves as processing center; conducts nerve impulse from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron |
| motor neuron (dendrite, cell body, and axon of a motor (efferent) neuron) | transmits nerve impulse from the brain or spinal cord to an effector |
| effector (muscle or gland outside the nervous system) | responds to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex behavioral action |
| acetylcholine (located in neuromuscular junctions, autonomic nervous system, and brain) | excites muscles, decreases heart rate, and relays various signals in the autonomic nervous system and the brain |
| norephinephrine (located in sympathetic nervous system and brain) | regulates activity of visceral organs and some brain functions |
| dopamine (located in brain) | involved in control of certain motor functions |
| serotonin (located in brain and spinal cord) | may be involved in mental functions, circadian rhythms, and sleep and wakefulness |
| gamma-aminobutyric acid (located in brain and spinal cord) | inhibits various neurons |
| glycine (located in spinal cord) | inhibits various neurons |
| The brain and spinal cord are components of the | central nervous system |
| The axons and dendrites extend from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands and form | nerves |
| The spinal cord passes downward from the brain and extends through a bony tunnel found in | vertebrae |
| The spinal cord is continuous with the | brain (medulla oblongata) |
| The three membranes surrounding and protecting the spinal cord are called | meninges |
| Clear, watery fluid is found in the central canal of the spinal cord and is called * | cerebrospinal fluid |
| Injury to the ventral root of the spinal cord results in a condition called | paralysis |
| The spinal cord serves as a coordinating center for the | reflex arc |
| The brain receives impulses from the spinal cord as well as from 12 pairs of | cranial nerves |
| The brain is composed of two major | hemispheres |
| The brain consumes about one quarter of the body's | oxygen |
| The outer portion of the brain is mainly composed of | gray matter |
| The numerous convolutions of the brain are called | gyri |
| The anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere is occupied by a lobe called the | frontal lobe |
| At the posterior portion of the cerebral hemispheres is a lobe called the | occipital lobe |
| The region of the frontal lobe concerned with motor function for speech is * | Broca's area |
| The sense of smell is located within a portion of the brain known as the | cerebrum |
| The interpretation of visual patterns occurs in the lobe of the brain known as the * | occipital lobe |
| The cavities of the brain are called the | ventricles |
| The brain region lying posterior to the medulla and serving as a coordinating center for motor activity is the * | cerebellum |
| The cerebellum is composed of two lateral | hemispheres |
| Because it is a reflex center for coordinating muscle activity, the cerebellum helps smooth gait and maintain | posture |
| The nucleus of the diencephalon relaying sensory impulses into the cerebral cortex is the | thalamus |
| The nucleus of the diencephalon producing some hormones stored to be released by the pituitary gland is | hypothalamus |
| Emotional experiences such as fear, anger, pleasure, and sorrow are regulated in a ring of tissue at the edge of the brain stem called the | limbic system |
| The rounded bulge in the brain stem separating the midbrain from the medulla is the | pons |
| The swollen stem of the brain connecting the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain is the | medulla oblongata |
| In the cerebrum of the brain, impulses cross over to opposite sides of the brain cortex via the | decussation of pyramids |
| The network of nerve fibers in the medulla responsible for activating the cerebral cortex is the | reticular formation |
| The sensory somatic system is composed of spinal nerves and | cranial nerves |
| The human body has spinal nerves numbering * | 31 pairs |
| The cranial nerve associated with smell is the | olfactory nerve |
| The cranial nerve with sensory and motor functions controlling the heart, blood vessels, and organs of the viscera is the | vagus nerve |
| The spinal nerves communicate impulses between various parts of the body and the | spinal cord |
| Bodies where spinal nerves combine temporarily before passing to the destination points are known as | plexuses |
| The autonomic nervous system operates in a manner that is | involuntary |
| cornea | refracts light; important in focusing light onto the retina |
| sclera | maintains shape of eye and protects eye; also serves as site of extrinsic muscle attachment |
| lens | refracts light; important in accomodation |
| retina | absorbs light; detects and forms images for transmission to brain |
| interior cavity | maintains shape of eye and refracts light through its vitreous humor |
| iris | controls amount of light passing through the pupil |
| posterior cavity | maintains shape of eye and refracts light through its vitreous humor |
| ciliary body | changes shape of lens (accommodation) and secretes aqueous humor |
| aqueous humor | fills anterior cavity, helping to maintain shape of eye; refracts light; maintains intraoular pressure |
| choroid | absorbs light; detects light and forms images for transmission to brain |
| vitreous humor | fulfills posterior cavity and maintains intraocular pressure; lends shape to eye and keeps retina firmly pressed against choroid; refracts light |
| olfactory | smell(s) |
| abducens | eye movement |
| vagus | heart, blood vessels, viscera (s,m) |
| spinal accessory | neck muscles and viscera (m) |
| facial movement | facial |
| tongue and pharynx (s,m) | glossopharyngeal |
| visions(s) | optic |
| trigeminal | swallowing movements; sensitivity of face, teeth and tongue |
| hearing; balance | vestibulocochlear or auditory |
| hypoglossal | tongue muscles |
| oculomotor | eye movement |
| The five primary tastes are sweet, sour, salty, unami, and * | bitter |
| The interpretation of visual patterns occurs in the lobe of the brain known as the * | occipital lobe |
| The sex-linked genetic trait in which a person cannot detect certain colors is called * | colorblindness |
| The posterior chamber of the eye lies between the iris and the * | lens |
| The outermost membrane surrounding the spinal cord is the * | dura mater |
| The outer wall of the eye consists of the cornea and the * | sclera |
| Aging can cause reduced accommodation, a condition known as* | presbyopia |
| The eyelids are covered on their surfaces by mucous membrane called the * | conjunctiva |
| Tears that keep the eyeball moist are produced by the * | lacrimal apparatus |
| The sense of equilibrium is associated with the canals and passageways found in the * | inner ear |
| The region of the frontal lobe concerned with motor function for speech is * | Broca's area |
| The nerve that carries impulses from the eye to the brain is the * | optic nerve |
| The cranial nerve associated with smell is the * | olfactory nerve |
| The lobe of the brain where visual patterns are interpreted is the * | occipital lobe |
| The sensory somatic system is composed of spinal nerves and * | cranial nerves |
| The major lobe of the brain in which hearing perception occurs is the * | temporal lobe |
| Twilight vision is concerned with retinal cells known as * | rods |
| The tube leading from the pharynx to the middle ear is the * | eustachian tube |
| The purpose of the eye is to gather light from the environment and form an image on cells of the | retina |
| The inner coat of the posterior wall of the eye is composed of | retina |
| The thin, watery fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye is | aqueous humor |
| The jellylike substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye is called | vitreous humor |
| The pupil of the eye is an opening in the portion of the eye known as the | iris |
| The eyelids are covered on their surfaces by the mucous membrane called the | conjunctiva |
| Daylight vision and close, detailed vision are permitted by retinal cells known as | cones |
| The optic disc contains no visual receptors and is therefore called the | forvea centralis |
| The process of light focusing due to the elasticity of the lens is called the | accomodation |
| Nearsightedness can be corrected by utilizing glasses having lenses that are | biconcave |
| The condition of farsightedness is correctly known as | hyperopia |
| The sense of taste is technically known as | gustatory sense |
| Taste buds are located on the upper surface of the tongue within tiny elevations called | papillae |
| Impulses of taste are transmitted to the brain over the facial nerve or the | glossopharyngeal nerve |
| The interpretations of smell are made in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum and in the | frontal lobe |
Created by:
hnorton9