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Cooper Chapter 11
Positive Reinforcement
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Automatic Reinforcement | Identifies a behaviour -reinforcement relation that occurs without the presentation of consequences by other people; i.e. scratching an insect bite; AKA self-stimulation |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | AKA Secondary/ Learned Reinforcer; is a previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one/ more un/conditioned reinforcers |
| Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer | A conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers does not depend on a current EO for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness (i.e. social attention) |
| Positive Reinforcement | Most important + widely applied principle of behaviour analysis; occurs when a response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that will increase the frequency of similar responses in the future |
| Positive Reinforcer | The stimulus presented as a consequence and responsible for the subsequent increase in responding |
| Premack Principle | AKA Grandma's Law; making the opportunity to engage in a behaviour that occurs at a relatively high free operant rate contingent on the occurrence of low-frequency behaviour will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior; First- Then |
| Reinforcer Assessment | A variety of direct, data-based methods used to present one/more stimuli contingent on a target response and then measuring the future effects on the rate of responding |
| Response-Deprivation Hypothesis | A model for predicting whether access to one behaviour (contingent behaviour) will function as reinforcement for another behaviour based on the relative baseline rates at which each behaviour occurs |
| Stimulus Preference Assessment | Refers to a variety of procedures used to determine 1) stimuli the person prefers, 2) relative preference values of those stimuli, 3) conditions under which preference values change when task demands, deprivation states, or schedules of R are modified |
| Unconditioned Reinforcer | AKA Primary/ Unlearned Reinforcer; a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer even though the learner has had no particular learning history with it (i.e. water, food) |
| Rate of Responding | Skinner; used to strengthen an operant is to make it occur more frequently + strengthen the duration, latency, magnitude, and/ or topography of behaviour |
| Rule Governed | Behaviour controlled by a rule ; enables human behaviour to come under indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences |
| Discriminative Stimulus (SD) | an antecedent stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement for a particular response class |
| Discriminated Operant | An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others (SD + Stimulus Control) |
| Social Reinforcers | Physical contact (hugs, kisses, pats on the back), proximity (approaching, standing near by), attention, and praise |
| Classification of Reinforcers (5): | 1. Edible (treats) 2. Sensory (massages) 3. Tangible (stickers) 4. Activity (go to the zoo) 5. Social (verbal praise) |
| Asking Stimulus Preferences: | 1. Ask Target person (open-ended questions, choices, ranking order), 2) Asking significant others, 3) Offering Pretask Choice, 4) Pre-operant observation, 5)Contrived Free Operant Observation, 6) Naturalistic Free Operant Observation, 7) Trial-Based |
| Control | Requires an experimental demonstration that the presentation of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a target response functions as positive reinforcement |
| DRO | Differential Reinforcement of Other behaviour; delivers a potential reinforcer whenever the target behaviour has NOT occurred during a set time interval |
| DRA | Differential Reinforcement of an Alternative behaviour; used as a control condition; potential reinforcer is presented contingent on occurrences of a desirable alternative to the target behaviour |
Created by:
juliemacsween