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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Soluble in DILUTE ACETIC ACID | AP, Carbonate, RBC |
| Normal urinary crystals: ACIDIC URINE | Amorphous urate, Uric acid, Calcium oxalate, CALCIUM SULFATE, HIPPURIC ACID |
| Normal urinary crystals: ALKALINE URINE | Amorphous phosphate, Ammonium biurate, Calcium carbonate, Calcium phosphate, Triple phosphate / Struvite |
| Converts to URIC ACID when glacial acetic acid is added | Ammonium biurate |
| Coffin lid appearance, staghorn calculi | Triple phosphate / Struvite |
| Resembles rcm | Cholesterol |
| Crystal in nephrotic syndrome | Cholesterol |
| Lignin test positive (yellow orange) | SULFONAMIDES: sheaves of wheat |
| Crystal in Lesch Nyhan Syndrome, Chemotherapy | Uric acid |
| Envelope / pyramidal, weddelite | Calcium oxalate DIHYDRATE |
| Dumbbell / oval, whewellite | Calcium oxalate MONOHYDRATE |
| CSF Dilution: Slightly hazy | 1:10 |
| CSF Dilution: Hazy | 1:20 |
| CSF Dilution: Slightly cloudy | 1:100 |
| CSF Dilution: Cloudy / Slightly bloody | 1:200 |
| CSF Dilution: Bloody / Turbid | 1:10,000 |
| Slower, SOME lateral movement | 3.0 b |
| Slow forward, NOTICEABLE lateral movement | 2.0 b |
| No forward progression | 1.0 c |
| Reagent for Rope's or Mucin clot test (Hyaluronate polymerization test) | 2-5% acetic acid |
| Cell with ingested neutrophil | LE (neutrophil) REITER CELL (macrophage) |
| ASCORBIC ACID causes FALSE NEGATIVE reactions in: | Blood, Bilirubin, Leukocytes, Nitrite, Glucose |
| Findings in Glomerulonephritis | Dysmorphic RBC, Anti-streptolysin O positive, Reactivity on pseudoperoxidase activity |
| Bulky and frothy stool | Pancreatic insufficiency, Elevated B2, Bile duct obstruction |
| Pungent urine odor | UTI |
| Parasite associated with positive leukocyte esterase | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Urinary screening test for mucopolysaccharides | Acid albumin (white turbidity), CTAB (white turbidity), MPS paper test (blue) |
| Candida albicans in urine is dependent upon: | Glucose concentration, Acidic urine |
| Nocturia: | Increase urine volume or excessive production of urine at night |
| Speed of cytocentrifuge, tachometer and stopwatch should be checked | Monthly |
| Aniline dye when present in urine will give what color | Red brown |
| Pregnancy test kit detects the presence of what portion of HcG | Beta subunit of amino acid |
| The primary reason to dilute a semen specimen before performing a sperm concentration is to: | Immobilize the sperm |
| Indicative of acute tubular necrosis | Granular dirty brown cast |
| Best specimen container for Van de Kamer titration | Paint can |
| Ketones in urine are formed due to: | Inability to metabolize carbohydrates, Beta oxidation of fats, Starvation, Insulin deficiency |
| Positive in Rivalta's test | Exudate |
| Sulfur odor urine | Cystinuria |
| Addis count | Specimen: 12 hour urine, Preservative: Formalin |
| Enhances visualization of TRANSLUCENT ELEMENTS, LOW REFRACTIVE INDICES (hyaline cast) | Phase contrast microscopy |
| Id of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty cast & crystals | Polarizing microscopy |
| Identification of Treponema pallidum | Dark-field microscopy |
| Interference-contrast microscopy: Differential | Nomarski |
| Interference-contrast microscopy: Modulation | Hoffman |
| Bright-field microscopes can be adapted | Interference-contrast microscopy |
| Identifies WBC, Epithelial cells, Casts | Sternheimer-Malbin: Crystal Violet, Safranin O |
| Stain used to differentiate WBC and RTE cells | Toluidine blue |
| Lipid stains | Oil Red O, Sudan III |
| Oil red O and Sudan III stains? | Triglycerides, Neutral Fats |
| Identifies urinary eosinophils | Hansel stain: Eosin Y, Methylene blue |
| Stains DNA | Phenathridine (ORANGE) |
| Stains nuclear membranes, cell membranes, mitochondria | Carbocyanine (GREEN) |
| In HYPERTONIC urine, RBCs will | Crenate / Shrink |
| In HYPOTONIC urine, RBCs will | Hemolyze / Swell / GHOST CELL |
| Most difficult to identify urinary sediment | RBC |
| Most predominant WBC in urine | Neutrophil |
| In HYPOTONIC urine, WBCs will produce | Glitter cells (Granules of neutrophils) |
| Color of glitter cells using Sternheimer-malbin | Pale blue |
| Color of leukocytes using Sternheimer-malbin | Pale pink |
| Point of reference epithelial cell | Squamous epithelial cell |
| Largest cell in urine sediment | Squamous epithelial cell |
| Squamous epithelial cell covered with Gardnerella vaginalis is indicative of | Bacterial VAGINOSIS |
| Increased following catheterization | Transitional epithelial cell |
| Transitional epithelial cell exhibiting abnormal morphology is indicative of | Malignancy or viral infection |
| Origin of RTE | Nephron |
| >2 RTE/hpf indicates | Tubular injury |
| Lipid containing RTE cells | Oval fat body |
| RTE cell with non-lipid vacuoles | Bubble cell: seen in ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS |
| To differentiate bacteria from AU & AP | Motility |
| Most common cause of UTI | E. coli |
| Most frequently encountered parasite in urine | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| When T. vaginalis is not moving, it may resemble | WBC, TEC, RTE |
| Urinary bladder cancer markers | NMP (Nuclear Matrix Protein) BTA (Bladder Tumor Antigen) BFP CYFRA 21-1 |
| Cast with tail | Cylindroid |
| Casts are formed primarily in the | DCT & CD |
| Tamm-Horsfall protein is produced by | RTE cells |
| Factors that contribute to crystal formation | Temperature, Solute concentration, pH |
| The first consideration when identifying crystals is the | Urine pH |
| Soluble with HEAT | AU, UA |
| Soluble in ETHER | Chyle, Lymphatic fluid, Lipids |
| INSOLUBLE in DILUTE ACETIC ACID | WBC, Bacteria, Yeast, Spermatozoa |
| Most pleomorphic crystal | Uric acid |
| Increased in ethylene glycol poisoning | Monohydrate caox |
| Cigarette butt appearance | Calcium sulfate |
| Yellow brown, Colorless elongated prism | Hippuric acid |
| Increased in presence of urea-splitting bacteria | Ammonium biurate, Triple phosphate |
| Other name of triple phosphate | Magnesium ammonium phosphate, Struvite |
| Sometimes bilirubin stained / hemosiderin-laden | RTE cells |
| Resembles sulfonamide crystal | Calcium phosphate (Apatite) |
| Flat plates, thin prisms in ROSETTE form | Calcium phosphate (Apatite) |
| Color of ammonium biurate | Yellow brown |
| Forms gas (effervescence) after adding acetic acid | Calcium carbonate |
| Mistaken as uric acid crystal | Cystine |
| Used to differentiate uric acid and cystine | Color, Solubility in dilute HCl, Birefringence, Cyanide-nitroprusside reaction |
| To differentiate cholesterol & radiographic dye | Check patient history, SG (>1.040 using RF) |
| Crystals increased in liver disease | Tyrosine, Leucine, Bilirubin |
| Mistaken as calcium phosphate crystal | Sulfonamide |
| Colorless needles that tend to form BUNDLES FOLLOWING REFRIGERATION | Ampicillin |
| Maltese cross formation | OFFS: Oval fat bodies, Fatty casts, Fat droplets, Starch granules |
| Spheres with DIMPLED CENTER | Starch granules |
| Spheres with CELL WALL & CONCENTRIC CIRCLES | Pollen grains |
| The average amniotic volume during third trimester | 1000 ml, Normal: 800-1200mL |
| Other forms of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE | Hydroxyapatite (basic calcium phosphate) Brushite (calcium hydrogen phosphate) |
| Ability of the lens to distinguish 2 small objects | Resolution |
| Ability of an element to refract light in 2 dimensions at 90 degrees | Birefringence |
| Halo | Phase contrast microscope |
| 2 categories of aminoaciduria | Overflow type, Renal type |
| The most well known of the aminoacidurias | Phenylketonuria |
| Positive result in Guthrie bacterial inhibition test | Growth |
| Gene in TYPE 1 tyrosiluria | Fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) |
| Gene in TYPE 2 tyrosiluria | Tyrosine aminotransferase |
| Gene in TYPE 3 tyrosiluria | p-hydroxy phenyl pyruvic acid dioxygenase |
| Mousy | Phenylketonuria |
| Rancid, may also be seen in severe liver disease | Tyrosiluria |
| Alkaptonuria negative on gene that codes for | Homogentisic acid oxidase |
| Urine darkens upon air exposure | Melanuria |
| Branched chain amino acid disorders | MSUD, Isovaleric acidemia, Propionic acidemia, Methylmalonic acidemia |
| Most common IEM in the Philippines | MSUD |
| MSUD is negative in gene that codes for the enzyme for metabolism of the ketoacids of | Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine |
| Caramelized sugar / Curry urine odor | MSUD |
| Sweaty feet | Isovaleric acidemia |
| Methylmalonic acidemia is detected using | p-nitroaniline test: (+) EMERALD GREEN |
| Tryptophan disorders | Indicanuria, Argentaffinoma |
| Indigo blue urine color upon air exposure | Indicanuria |
| Excess indole | Indicanuria |
| Blue diaper syndrome | Hartnup disease |
| Screening test in indicanuria | Obermayer's test: (+) VIOLET |
| Tumor of enterochromaffin cells | Argentaffinoma |
| Argentaffinoma produce serotonin and metabolized into | 5-HIAA |
| Sources of 5-HIAA | Banana, Pineapples, Tomato |
| Renal type of aminoaciduria | Cystinuria |
| Cystinuria have a defective tubular reabsorption of | COLA: Cystine, Ornithine, Lysine, Arginine |
| Homocystinuria has a defect in the metabolism of | Methionine |
| Homocystinuria is negative in the gene that codes for the enzyme | Cystathione B-synthase |
| Homocystinuria is detected by | Silver nitroprusside test: (+): RED PURPLE |
| CDC recommended test for lead poisoning | FEP |
| Frequently found in the urine in mucopolysaccharidosis | Dermatan sulfate, Keratan sulfate, Heparan sulfate |
| MPS accumulate in the cornea of the eye, skeletal & mental abnormality | Hurler syndrome |
| Sex linked recessive MPS, rare in females, prominent cheek bone, skeletal & mental abnormality | Hunter syndrome |
| MPS that mental retardation is the only abnormality | Sanfilippo syndrome |
| Lesch-Nyhan disease is negative in gene that codes for the enzyme | Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase |
| INCREASE uric acid in blood and urine | Orange sand in diaper (Lesch Nyhan Syndrome) |
| Lead poisoning inhibit what enzymes | ALA synthetase, Ferrochelatase |
| Tracheobronchial secretions is mixture of | Plasma, Electrolytes, Mucin, Water |
| Acceptable sputum specimen | <10 SEC / LPF >25 WBC / LPF |
| Sputum preservation | Refrigeration or 10% Formalin |
| Sputum specimen collection for pediatric patients | Throat swab |
| Sputum specimen collection for non cooperative patients | Sputum induction |
| Sputum specimen collection for debilitated / unconscious patients | Tracheal aspiration |
| Most predominant cell in bronchoalveolar lavage | Alveolar macrophage (56-80%) |
| Lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage | 1-15% |
| Neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage | <3% |
| Eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage | <1-2% |
| Ciliated columnar bronchial epithelial cell in bronchoalveolar lavage | 4-17% |
| Most important single component of sputum viscosity | Sialic acid |
| Sputum color: increase pus & epithelial cell | Gray |
| Sputum color: increase bile, P. aeruginosa infection, Lung abscess | Bright green / Greenish |
| Sputum color: Fresh blood or hemorrhage, TB, BRONCHIECTASIS | Red / Bright red |
| Sputum color: Old blood, Pneumonia, Gangrene | Anchovy sauce / Rusty brown |
| Sputum color: Chronic lung cancer, Pneumonia | Prune juice |
| Sputum color: Cancer | Olive green / Grass green |
| Sputum color: Anthracosis | Black |
| Sputum color: Lobar pneumonia | Rusty with pus |
| Sputum color: Congestive heart failure | Rusty without pus |
| Sputum color: Klebsiella pneumoniae infection | Currant, jelly-like |
| Foul or putrid sputum odor | Lung gangrene, Advanced necrotizing tumors |
| Cheesy sputum odor | Necrosis, Empyema, Tumors |
| Yellow or gray material, Size of PINHEAD, Produces FOUL ODOR when crushed | Dittrich's plugs |
| Hard concretion in a bronchus, Yellow or white calcified TB structures or foreign material | Lung stones (Pneumoliths or broncholiths) |
| Most common clinical significance of lung stones | Histoplasmosis |
| Branching tree like casts of the bronchi | Bronchial cast |
| Top or first layer of sputum | Frothy mucus |
| Middle or second layer of sputum | Opaque, water material |
| Bottom or third layer of sputum | Pus, Bacteria, Tissues |
| Clinical significance of foreign bodies | Pneumoconiosis |
| Foreign bodies | Bronchial calculi, Abestos bodies, Silica particles |
| Slender fibrils w/ double contour, Curled ends | Elastic fibers |
| Clinical significance of elastic fibers | Tuberculosis |
| Colorless, Hexagonal, Double pyramid, Often needle like, Arise from integration of eosinophils | Charcot leyden crystals |
| Bronchial asthma | Decreased sputum volume, Dittrich's plugs, Charcot leyden crystals, Curschmann's spiralis, Creola bodies |
| Hemosiderin laden macrophage | Heart failure cells |
| Clinical significance of heart failure cells | Congestive heart failure |
| Angular black granules | Carbon laden cells |
| Clinical significance of carbon laden cells | Heavy smokers |
| Coiled mucus strands | Curschmann's spiralis |
| Colorless globules in variety of size, Bizarre forms | Myelin globules |
| Mistaken as Blastomyces | Myelin globules |
| Cluster of columnar epithelial cells | Creola bodies |
| Parasites in sputum | A. lumbricoides, S. stercoralis, Hookworm, E. histolytica, E. gingivalis, T. tenax, P. westermani, E. granulosus, T. canis |
| AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE METABOLIC DISORDER | Cystic fibrosis |
| Cystic fibrosis is associated with | Pancreatic insufficiency, Respiratory distress, Intestinal obstruction INCREASED Na & Cl |
| Pilocarpine + mild current | Gibson and cooke pilocarpine iontophoresis: Induce sweat production 0.16mA for 5 minutes |
| Sweat is tested for | Na & Cl |
| Test for Na in sweat | Flame photometry, Ion exchange electrode |
| Test for Cl in sweat | Manual or automated TITRATION |
| Sweat Na & Cl values: Diagnostic for CF | >70 mEq/L |
| Lines the skull & vertebral canal (outer layer) | Dura mater |
| Borderline for CF | 40 mEq/L |
| Filamentous inner membrane (spiderweb-like) | Arachnoid mater |
| Portion where CSF flows | Subarachnoid space |
| Lines the suface of brain & spinal cord (Innermost layer) | Pia mater |
| CSF rate production | 20mL/hour |
| Produces CSF by SELECTIVE FILTRATION | Choroid plexus |
| Reabsorbs CSF | Arachnoid villi / Granulations |
| If 1 CSF tube only | Micro - Hema - CC |
| CSF total volume in adults | 90-150 mL |
| CSF total volume in neonates | 10-60 mL |
| Hazy / Turbid / Milky / Cloudy CSF | Increased: WBC (>200/uL), RBC (>400/uL), Lipids, Protein, Microorganism |
| Other causes of xanthochromic CSF | Increase: Carotene, Melanin, Protein (>150mg/dL), Rifampin |
| Cause of Bloody CSF | RBC (>6000/uL), Traumatic tap, Intracranial hemorrhage |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | (+): Erythrophage, D-dimer |
| Oily CSF | Radiographic contrast media |
| Clotted CSF | Protein & clotting factors, Meningitis, Froin syndrome, Blockage of CSF circulation |
| Pellicle / web like clot formation after 12-24 hr refrigeration | Tubercular meningitis |
| WBC and RBC in CSF begin to lyse within | 1 hour |
| 40% WBC disintegrate within | 2 hours |
| Normal CSF WBC count in adults | 0-5 WBCs/uL |
| Normal CSF WBC count in neonates | 0-30 WBCs/uL |
| WBC Diluting fluid: CSF | Acetic acid with methylene blue |
| CSF differential count should be CONCENTRATED before smearing by using the following methods | Cytocentrifugation, Centrifugation, Sedimentation, Filtration |
| Addition of 30% albumin in cytocentrifuge | Increases cell yield / recovery, Decreases cellular distortion |
| Normal CSF protein in adult | 15-45 mg/dL |
| Increased CSF protein | Meningitis, Multiple sclerosis, Hemorrhage |
| Not found in normal CSF | IgM, Fibrinogen, Lipids |
| Preferred method for CSF protein determination | Trichloroacetic acid |
| Precipitates both albumin & globulin | 3% Trichloroacetic acid |
| Preicipitates albumin only | 3% Sulfosalicylic acid |
| Carbohydrate deficient transferrin | Tau |
| To precipitate globulins using SSA, add | Sodium sulfate |
| Protein binds to dye: turns RED to BLUE | Coomassie Brilliant Blue |
| Assess the integrity of BBB | CSF/Serum Albumin Index |
| Assess conditions with IgG production within the CNS | IgG index |
| Normal value of CSF/Serum Albumin index | < 9 |
| Normal value of IgG index | < 0.77 |
| CSF electrophoresis is for the detection of | Oligoclonal bands |
| Oligoclonal banding in CSF only | MSNENG: Multiple sclerosis, Neurosyphilis, Encephalitis, Neoplastic disorders, Guillain-Barré syndrome |
| Oligoclonal banding in SERUM only | LVL: Leukemia, Viral infection, Lymphoma |
| Oligoclonal banding in SERUM & CSF | HIV |
| Normal CSF Glucose | 50-80 mg/dL |
| Normal CSF Lactate | 10-22 mg/dL |
| Normal CSF Glutamine | 8-18 mg/dL |
| Sensitive method for evaluating the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy | CSF Lactate |
| CSF Lactate is increased in | Hypoxia |
| Indirect test for the presence of excess ammonia in the CSF | CSF Glutamine |
| CSF Glutamine is increased in | Reye's syndrome |
| CSF LDH: Neurological abnormalities | 2 > 1 |
| Normal CSF LDH | 1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 |
| CSF LDH: Bacterial meningitis | 5 > 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 |
| For detection of bacterial antigens in CSF | Latex agglutination test, ELISA |
| Recommended by CDC for the detection of NEUROSYPHILIS | VDRL |
| Detects GRAM NEGATIVE ENDOTOXIN in body fluids & surgical instrument | Limulus lysate test |
| Reagent of Limulus lysate test | Blood of horseshoe crab |
| Positive result of Limulus lysate test | Clumping / Clot formation |
| Group A Streptococcus infxn in glomerular membrane | Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis |
| Deposition of immune complexes from systemic immune disordes (SLE), Epithelial cells inside the Bowman's capsule form "crescents" | Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis |
| Occurs in children following viral respiratory infections, Decrease in platelets | Henoch Schönlein purpura |
| THICKENING of glomerular membrane following IgG immune complex deposition | Membranous glomerulonephritis: microscopic hematuria |
| Tram track | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis |
| Deposition of IgA on the glomerular membrane | IgA nephropathy |
| Other name of IgA nephropathy | Berger's disease |
| Little cellular changes in the glomerulus, DISRUPTION OF PODOCYTES primarily in children following allergic reactions and immunizations | Minimal change disease |
| Other name of Minimal change disease | Nil disease, Lipoid nephrosis |
| Disruption of podocytes in CERTAIN number and areas of glomeruli others remain normal | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |
| Most common cause of ESRD | Diabetic nephropathy |
| Other name of diabetic nephropathy | Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease |
| Deposition of gylcosylated proteins | Diabetic nephropathy |
| Genetic disorder showing lamellated thinning of glomerular basement membrane | Alport syndrome |
| Allergic inflammation of the renal interstitium | Acute interstitial nephritis |
| Simultaneous appearance of the elements of acute/chronic GN & nephrotic syndrome: increased cells & casts | Telescoped sediment |
| Conditions favoring the formation of renal calculi | pH, Chemical concentration, Urinary stasis |
| Major constituent of renal calculi | Calcium oxalate |
| Least common calculi | Cystine |
| Mustard colored stones | Triamterene calculi |
| Associated with inherited enzyme deficiency & hyperuricemia | Adenine calculi |
| Associated with a genetic disorder with an absence of xanthine oxidase | Xanthine calculi |
| Methods for calculi analysis | Optical crystallography, Radiograph diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy, Electron beam analysis, Mass spectroscopy |
| Rate of proteinuria in NEPHROTIC SYNDROME | > 3.5 g/day |
| HLA-B12 antigen has been associated with | Minimal change disease |
| If NEUTROPHILS are fixed in ETHANOL, the ANCA form a perinuclear pattern called | p-ANCA |
| If NEUTROPHILS are fixed in FORMALIN, the pattern is granular throughout the cytoplasm called | c-ANCA |
| Polyhydramnios | Decreased fetal swallowing, Neural tube defects |
| Oligohydramnios | Increased fetal swallowing, Membrane leakage, Urinary tract deformities |
| Amount of amniotic fluid collected in sterile syringe | 30mL |
| Assess genetic defects | 2nd trimester amniocentesis |
| Assess FLM & HDN | 3rd trimester amniocentesis |
| Quadruple screening test prior to performing amniocentesis | AFP, hCG, Unconjugated estriol, Inhibin A |
| Specimen handling of amniotic fluid for FLM | ICE on delivery, REFRIGERATED / FROZEN |
| Specimen handling of amniotic fluid for CYTOGENETIC STUDIES | Room temperature / 37C |
| Specimen handling of amniotic fluid for HDN | Protected from light |
| More reliable to differentiate amniotic fluid vs. maternal urine | Urea & Creatinine |
| Urea & creatinine levels of amniotic fluid | Urea: < 30 mg/dL Creatinine: < 3.5 mg/dL |
| Urea & creatinine levels of maternal urine | Urea: > 300 mg/dL Creatinine: > 10 mg/dL |
| Detects ruptured amniotic membranes, also used to diagnose EARLY PREGNANCY | Fern test |
| (+) fern like crystals is identified as | Amniotic fluid |
| Color of amniotic fluid in 1st fetal bowel movement (meconium) | Dark green |
| Color of amniotic fluid in fetal death | Dark red brown |
| Most common complication of early delivery | Respiratory distress syndrome |
| 7th most common cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants | Respiratory distress syndrome |
| Causes of RDS | Insufficiency of lung surfactant, Fetal lung immaturity |
| Reference method for FLM | L/S ratio |
| L/S ratio is measured using | Thin layer chromatography |
| For alveolar stability | Lecithin |
| Serves as control for L/S ratio | Sphingomyelin |
| Ratio of >2.0 in L/S ratio | Mature fetal lungs |
| Immunologic test for PHOSPHATIDYLGLCEROL (PG) | Amniostat-FLM |
| Not affected by blood or meconium | Amniostat-FLM |
| Reagent in foam stability | 95% ethanol |
| Indicates mature fetal lungs in foam stability | Foam / bubbles |
| Produce alveolar surfactants stored in the form of lamellar bodies | Type II pneumocytes |
| Lamellar body count in adequate FLM | > 32,000/uL |
| 36 weeks (9 months) amniotic fluid creatinine | > 2.0 mg/dL |
| Test for HDN | OD 450 |
| Results of OD450 are plotted on | Liley graph |
| Moderately affected fetus, requires MONITORING | Zone II |
| Severely affected fetus, requires INTERVENTION | Zone III |
| Interferences in OD450 | Cells, Meconium, Debris, Hemoglobin (410nm) |
| Screening test for neural tube defects | Alpha feto protein |
| Confirmatory test for neural tube defects | Acetylcholinesterase |
| Normal values: Foam stability index | > 47 |
| Normal values: Alpha feto protein | < 2.0 MoM |
| Normal values: Microviscosity | > 55 mg/g |
| Normal values: OD 650 | > 0.150 |
| Normal values: OD 450 | Increase at 365nm, Decrease at 550nm |
| hcG peaks during | 1st trimester of pregnancy |
| Principle of home based hcG pregnancy test kit | Enzyme immunoassay |
| Cut off point for home based hcG pregnancy test kit | 25 IU/mL |
| Anti-hcG source | Rabbit |
| Fern like crystal formation in Fern test is caused by | Protein, Sodium chloride |
| Urine specimen for pregnancy testing should have a SG of at least | 1.015 |
| Major CSF protein | Albumin |
| Consistent with fungal meningitis | Pleocytosis of mixed cellularity |
| Specimen in Amoebic meningoencephalitis | Wet prep using warm slide |
| Primary function of synoviocytes | Provides nutrients for the joints |
| Normal synovial fluid volume | < 3.5 mL |
| Volume of synovial fluid in inflammation | > 25 mL |
| Interfere with crystal identification in synovial fluid | Powedered anticoagulants, Lithium heparin |
| Color of synovial fluid in inflammation | Deeper yellow |
| WBC, Synovial cell debris, Fibrin in synovial fluid | Turbid |
| Presence of crystals in synovial fluid | Milky |
| Formation of mucin clot after adding acetic acid can be used to identify a questionable fluid as | Synovial fluid |
| Most frequently performed count in synovial fluid | WBC Count |
| WBC count diluting fluids in synovial | NSS with methylene blue, Isotonic saline, Saline with saponin |
| Containing ingested round body | LE Cell |
| With ingested neutrophils | Reiter cell |
| Neutrophil with DARK CYTOPLASMIC GRANULES containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES | RA cell (Ragocyte) |
| Rice bodies: macroscopically | Resemble polished rice |
| Rice bodies: microscopically | Collagen & fibrin |
| Debris from metal & plastic joint prosthesis | Ochronotic shards |
| Ochronotic shards appearance | "Ground pepper" |
| Significance of Ochronotic shards | Alkaptonuria, Increase homogentisic acid and ochronosis |
| Shape of monosodium urate | Needles |
| Shape of calcium pyrophosphate | Rhombic square, rods |
| Significance of calcium oxalate in synovial fluid | Renal dialysis |
| Crystal in synovial fluid that requires use of electron microscopy | Calcium phosphate (Apatite) |
| No birefringence crystal in synovial fluid | Calcium phosphate (Apatite) |
| Significance of Calcium phosphate (Apatite) crystal in synovial fluid | Osteoarthritis |
| Detects for the presence or absence of birefringence | Polarizing microscope |
| Confirms the type of birefringence (positive or negative) | Compensated polarizing microscope |
| Most frequently tested chemistry test in synovial fluid | Glucose |
| Normal synovial fluid glucose | < 10 mg/dL |
| Predominant microorganism that infect synovial fluid | S. aureus |
| Common organisms that infect the synovial fluid | S. aureus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, N. gonorrheae |
| Fluid between PARIETAL & VISCERAL membranes | Serous fluid |
| Function of serous fluid | Provide LUBRICATION between 2 membranes |
| Accumulation of fluid between the membranes | Effusion |
| A control slide for polarization properties of MSU can be prepared using | Betamethasone acetate corticosteroid |
| Disruption of fluid production & regulation between membranes | Transudate |
| Examples of Transudate | Hypoproteinemia, Congestive heart failure, Nephrotic syndrome |
| Direct damage to the membrane | Exudate |
| Example of Exudate | Infection, Inflammation, Malignancy |
| Most reliable test to differentiate transudate vs. exudate | Protein ratio, LD ratio |
| Recommended to detect TRANSUDATE of hepatic origin | Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG) |
| Rivalta's test | Serosamucin clot test |
| Method of collection: Pleural fluid | Thoracentesis |
| Method of collection: Peritoneal fluid (Ascitic) | Paracentesis |
| Normal volume: Pleural fluid | < 30 mL |
| Normal volume: Pericardial fluid | < 50 mL |
| Normal volume: Peritoneal fluid | < 100 mL |
| Cause of chylous effusion | Thoracic duct leakage |
| Cause of pseudochylous effusion | Chronic inflammation |
| Appearance of chylous effusion | White |
| Appearance of pseudochylous effusion | Green tinge, gold paint |
| Leukocytes in chylous effusion | Lymphocytes |
| Leukocytes in pseudochylous effusion | Mixed cells |
| Uneven distribution of blood in pleural fluid | Hemothorax |
| Even distribution of blood in pleural fluid | Hemorrhagic effusion |
| Pleural fluid HCT is > 1/2 of whole blood HCT | Hemothorax |
| Pleural fluid HCT is < 1/2 of whole blood HCT | Hemorrhagic effusion |
| Contain concentric striations of collagen like material | Psammoma bodies |
| Psammoma bodies is seen in benign conditions and associated with | Ovarian & Thyroid carcinoma |
| WBC count in bacterial peritonitis, cirrhosis | > 500 cells/uL |
| PDCA | Plan - Do - Check - Act |
Created by:
Alyana Ureña