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Bio 106 Final

QuestionAnswer
What does the process glycolysis begin with? glucose
What is the net energy gain from glycolysis? 2 ATP
Which of the following acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration? NAD+
Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to mitochondria.
In glycolysis, the activation of glucose is accomplished by: ATP
The conversion of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate results in the net formation of: two molecules of ATP
The enzymes of glycolysis are located in the: Cytoplasm
Anabolism is: Synthesizing new cellular molecules
How many NADH molecules are created by glycolysis per glucose catabolized? 2
During oxidation of glucose, the energy not captured in the form of ATP is released as: heat
What happens when a chemical is reduced during a reaction? An electron is added to the chemical.
Which of the following molecules are oxidizing agents? FAD and NAD+
What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group? carbon dioxide
How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle? 3
How many molecules of acetyl CoA, an acetyl group attached to â coenzyme Aâ , are produced from a single molecule of glucose for participation in the Krebs cycle? 2
How are electrons extracted from the citric acid cycle for use in the electron transport chain? Reduction of NAD and FAD
The entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle is inhibited by the presence of a high cellular concentration of NADH
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is catalyzed by enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. In this reaction NAD is reduced to NADH
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate? acetyl CoA
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
Which of the following statements is true regarding glycolysis? Hydrogen atoms are released and captured by NADH.
During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down to ______ molecules of pyruvic acid, _______ hydrogen atoms are released, and there is a net gain of _______ ATP molecules. 2; 4; 2
To go through glycolysis, _________ ATP per glucose molecule must be "invested" in order to activate the glucose molecule. 2
Which of the following is not a product of glycolysis? CO2
in glycolysis, NAD+ is reduced to form NADH.
The priming phase of glycolysis results in another phosphate molecule being added to the fructose-6-phosphate.
A total of __________molecules of ATP per glucose are produced by glycolysis. After subtracting the original investment of ATP to get glycolysis started, the net total of ATP produced per glucose by glycolysis is ________. 4; 2
Glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules of _________. pyruvic acid
Glycolysis converts glucose into two ______________ molecules. pyruvic acid
A net total of ______________ molecules of ATP are produced by glycolysis. 2
One glucose would generate ______________ NADH molecules via the matrix reaction (pyruvic acid oxidation and the citric acid cycle). 8
The importance of the citric acid cycle in energy production is the formation of significant amounts of NADH.
The citric acid cycle begins by combining oxaloacetic acid and acetyl-CoA to form citric acid
In the Citric Acid Cycle, the acetyl coenzyme A combines with _____ to form citric acid. oxaloacetic acid (oxaloacetate)
Which of the following statements about the citric acid cycle is false? The major end product of the cycle is lactic acid.
During the conversion of one pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A, ______________ molecule(s) of carbon dioxide is/are produced 1
One turn of the citric acid cycle produces 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, and 3 NADH.
The result of five turns of the citric acid cycle would be 5 ATP, 15 NADH, 5 FADH 2, 10 carbon dioxide.
Each turn of the citric acid cycle directly produces ______________ molecule(s) of ATP. 1
A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is NADH.
Pyruvic acid will undergo _____ during ____ conditions. When this occurs _____ is formed. oxidation; aerobic; acetic acid
One glucose would generate ______________ NADH molecules via the citric acid cycle. 6
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ______________. oxygen
Hydrogen ions diffuse from the intermembrane space of a mitochondrion into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.
The electron transport chain system is responsible for the production of the majority of cellular ATP. true
The electron transport system is a series of _________ reactions. oxidation-reduction
The function of the electrons collected by the coenzymes is to provide energy for the maintenance of a concentration gradient
Of all the NADH used in the electron transport chain, the majority is produced by the citric acid cycle.
A molecule that moves electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain is NADH.
Cytochromes and iron-sulfur centers are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which of the following events occurs last? The movement of hydrogen ions through special channels is coupled to ATP production.
Each NADH molecule fed into the electron transport chain produces _____ ATPs. 3
the ATP Synthase found within the inner mitochondrial membrane functions to create the proton gradient necessary for ATP synthesis. false
ATP formation in the electron transport system is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Which of the following statements is true? Electrons pass from one electron carrier to another in the electron transport chain.
How many ATP are made from each FADH 2 that transfers electrons to the electron transport chain? 2
What is the function of ADP molecules in living cells? They act to "capture" energy from the oxidation of fuels to be used in other cell processes.
Energy lost during the process of aerobic cell respiration is given off as metabolic heat.
One difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration is that aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration
What percentage of energy released by aerobic respiration of glucose is captured by ATP? 38-40%
Each of the following lists some of the intermediates of glycolysis and aerobic respiration. Which one lists them in correct metabolic order? G6P, PGAL, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, citric acid
Anaerobic reactions occur in the ______, whereas aerobic reactions occur in the _______. cytosol without O2 needed; mitochondria with O2 needed
If oxygen is present, how many molecules (net) of ATP are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of glucose? 36
Which of the following is the correct sequence? glycolysis, acetyl-CoA formation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule would generate ________ NADH molecules via the citric acid cycle, while one acetyl CoA molecule from Beta-oxidation would generate _______ NADH via the citric acid cycle. six; three
Metabolism is a term that refers to all of the reactions in the body that involve energy transformations. true
After glycolysis and the citric acid cycle there is a net total of 4 ATP produced. In addition, there is enough energy in the ______ to yield _____ ATP and enough energy in ____ to yield _____ ATP. NAD; 30; FADH2; 4
An important function of coenzymes in cellular respiration is to act as carriers to transport hydrogen atoms true
The energy within an ATP molecule is best described as potential energy
Which of the following statements concerning complete oxidation of glucose is true? Carbon dioxide is released during the citric acid cycle reactions
ATP is Used to transfer energy within a cell
______________ reactions require energy to synthesize large molecules from small molecules. Anabolic
Where does glycolysis take place? in the cytoplasm of the cell
Which type of respiration produces ATP molecules? both anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Which type of skeletal muscle fiber typically has the fewest mitochondria? Type II
During short periods of intense exercise, energy in muscles is primarily derived from both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown.
What is the power stroke? the movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament
John is a sprinter who specializes in quick and powerful bursts of speed followed by periods of rest. Jim is a marathon runner who specializes in long, steady runs. Compared to John's muscles, how are Jim's most likely to differ? Jim's muscles will have more mitochondria in his type I and II a muscle fibers.
Which of the following statements concerning slow-twitch oxidative muscle fibers is false? They are well adapted to anaerobic activity.
If a biopsy of the quadriceps (thigh extensor) muscles were taken from gold medal-winning speed skaters in the 5 events below, which would most likely have the SMALLEST percentage of type I muscle fibers? 500 meters
Which type of respiraiton rapidly produces ATP for short time periods? anaerobic respiration
Why does breathing continue to be rapid and deep for a time after heavy exercise? Extra oxygen is needed to restore eliminate lactic acid and restore muscle creatine phosphate and glucose concentrations.
Which type of skeletal muscle fiber typically has less myoglobin? Type II
which type of respiration occurs in the mitochondria? aerobic respiration
You are hired to work in a laboratory to measure the rate of human muscle contraction. Which of the following might decrease in quantity in muscle cells undergoing contractions? ATP
What is an oxygen deficit? after exercise, the oxygen taken in that exceeds the oxygen required for resting metabolism
Intense exercise that results in a great deal of anaerobic activity increases muscular strength and mass.
Which of the following correctly describes myoglobin's special function in muscle tissue? acts as a reservoir for oxygen
Muscle atrophy is characterized by a decrease in muscle size.
Which type of skeletal muscle fibers fatigues most quickly? Type II
In the first few seconds of skeletal muscle contraction, what is the main mechanism by which ATP is replenished? Energy and phosphate are transferred from creatine phosphate to ADP.
Fast-glycolytic muscle fibers differ from slow-oxidative fibers in that: Fast-oxidative fibers can generate greater maximal tension than slow-oxidative fibers.
What is a cross-bridge? the combination of myosin heads with active sites on actin molecules
Abundant myoglobin is typical of which type of skeletal muscle fibers? Type I
Rigor mortis occurs after death because cross-bridges form but can't release.
What is the mechanism by which muscle fatigue causes action potential conduction failure in skeletal muscle cells? K+ buildup in the T-tubules depolarizes the local resting membrane potential and inactivates Na+ channels.
Aerobic respiration yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized
During resting conditions, _________ is synthesized to store energy? creatine phosphate
Which type of skeletal muscle fiber typically has a smaller diameter? Type I
Which type of respiraiton can use a variety of molecules as energy sources? aerobic respiration
When a muscle has been repeatedly contracting at a moderate intensity for an extended period of time (more than a few minutes), what is the primary source of ATP? oxidative phosphorylation
Muscle hypertrophy results from increased numbers of myofibrils and sarcomeres.
In which type of respiration does lactic acid build up in muscle fibers? anaerobic respiration
Aerobic exercise increases vascularity of muscle. develops fatigue-resistant fast-twitch fibers. can increase the efficiency of slow-twitch fibers. can increase the number of mitochondria in muscle cells.
A waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells is lactic acid.
Which of the following statements concerning fast-twitch muscle fibers is true? They split ATP rapidly.
Created by: alexs13
 

 



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