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BIO 181 Exam Prep

QuestionAnswer
1. Which enzyme unwraps the double helix? Helicase
2. In the ribosome, what pairs with the codon? Anticodon
3. List the two basic categories of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids: Purines and Pyrimidines
4. During mRNA maturation, what is the name of the part of the mRNA that is removed? Intron
5. During DNA replication in the lagging strand there is production of this component? Okazaki fragment
6. There are two types of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. These two types can be distinguished because the polyribosome is either free or membrane-bound
7. Assume that you have a eukaryotic cell with three chromosomes with it. How many 5' ends would there be? Gap1: 6, Gap2: 12
8. List one type of post-translational modification. Proteolysis
9. RNA synthesis, also called RNA transcription occurs in three phases. List them from beginning to end in order. Initiation, elongation, termination
10. Uridine is a nucleotide in DNA. True or False? False
11. Which sugar is present in RNA? Ribose
12. The double helix of DNA is wrapped about 1¾ times around which of these components? Nucleosome
13. How many hydrogen bonds are there between an A and its paired nucleotide? 2
14. The DNA polymerase that replicates the parental strand of DNA reads the parental DNA from 5’ to 3” and makes a new DNA strand from 3’ to 5’. True or false? False
15. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative. True or False? True
16. Draw the sugar in DNA and label the carbons as discussed in the lecture. Then circle the carbon that is different in RNA. See image
17. Which strand is produced more rapidly? Leading Strand
18. Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3’ strand? Primase
19. RNA is double stranded. True or False? False
20. In DNA, what does the nucleotide labeled as A pair with? Thymine(T)
21. In the lagging stand, the DNA is read from the parental DNA’s 3’ to 5’ end. True or False? True
22. In eukaryotic cells the start codon for protein synthesis is AUG, code for methionine
23. How many "stop" codons exist? 3
24. Protein synthesis changes from the language of _ to the language of _ nucleotides; amino acids
25. In the ribosome, what is the name of the bond that links one amino acid to the next? Peptide Bond
26. For DNA Polymerase III to work which of these components has to act first? Primase
27. Which nucleotide is different in RNA compared to DNA? Thymadine
28. DNA replication in eukaryotes is sped up by multiple origins of replication. True or False? True
29. Strands of the backbone of DNA are parallel. True or Fasle? False
30. The genetic code for the conversion of mRNA codons to proteins has redundancy. True or False? True
31. During DNA replication is greatly reduced by enzymes that proof read the newly replicated DNA. True or False? True
32. List three items required for photosynthesis to occur Water, Sunlight, CO2
33. The antenna system is in the _ membranes Thylakoid
34. The most abundant protein in the world is called Rubisco
35. The light reactions produce _ and_ and this process also results in the release of _ ATP and NADPH + H+; Oxygen
36. The Calvin-Benson cycle takes in _ and _ from the light reaction and also __ __ to make carbohydrates ATP and NADPH + H+; carbon dioxide
37. Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur? Cytoplasm
38. FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle. True or False? True
39. Glycolysis requires the investment of two _ in order to obtain a gross output of four _ ATPs, ATPs
40. The cell does not need ATP to survive. True or False? False
41. Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb's cycle occur? Mitochondrial Matrix
42. The citric acid/Kreb's cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2. True or false? True
43. Where is carbon dioxide produced? Mitochondrial Matrix
44. Mast cells release histamine. True or False? True
45. Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system? Yes
46. Inflammation is caused by an increased blood supply due to __ released by some cells of the immune system. Histamine
47. Having a fever of 100F can help you fight off infections. True or False? True
48. The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system. True or False? True
49. How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system? By muscles that contract when moving
50. In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells. True or False? False
51. Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow. True or False? True
52. A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it. True or False? True
53. When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ______________ ______________ and B cells subsequently can become ______________ and/or ______________ ______________. Blast transformation; Plasma cells; memory cells
54. Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information. True or False? True
55. You should have your appendix removed whenever possible. True or False? False
56. Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found. True or False? False
57. If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ______________ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a ______________. Class II; T-Cell
58. When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating “self”, this is called ______________. Tolerance
59. Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered. True or False? True
60. Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. True or False? True
61. Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. True or False? False
62. Red blood cells are a part of the immune system. True or False? False
63. B and T cells are called lymphocytes. True or False? True
64. In the lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to: Bacteria and fungi on the surface of the body that compete against pathogens and can produce substances toxic to pathogens
65. Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them. Bone Marrow, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Ducts
66. There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node. True or False? True
67. Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system. True or False? False
68. Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side. True or False? True
69. Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems. Actin filament, intermediate filament
70. The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a _____________ _____________. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by _____________ _____________. tight junction; adhering junction
71. What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels? Bile is synthesized from cholesterol. Oatmeal is a high fiber source that binds with bile and decreases it absorption by the ileum
72. Name the main enzyme in the stomach. Pepsin
73. How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach? The pancreas produces a secretion rich in bicarbonate ions which neutralizes the pH of the chyme
74. When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism? Insulin
75. When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can’t make them they are called: Essential amino acids
76. Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made? It is made in our gut by bacteria
77. Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile? The body detects fat content in ingested food and sends a signal to the gall bladder to constrict and create bile into the duodenum
78. If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet. True or False? True
79. In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas? Both release enzymes and break down sugars, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and proteins
80. Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine. Pyloric sphincter
81. Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers. Mucosa, submucosa, muscular, and serosa
82. List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous. Mucosa, submucosa
83. 90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where? The jejunum and the ileum
84. The digestive track begins with the __ and the first enzyme added is __ Mouth, amylase
85. The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called? Circular and longitudinal muscles
86. Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption. Digestion is the breaking down of foods into smaller chunks. Absorption is taking in nutrients into the body
87. List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food. Glycogen, fat, protein
Created by: DNB99993
 

 



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